APUSH TERMS 501-600
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- River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
- 1837- charter of a company granted by the state can't work to the public disadvantage.
- Manifest Destiny
- 1840s/50s phrase expressing the inevitableness of continued expansion of the US to the pacific. Coined by John O'Sullivan.
- Horace Greeley (1811-1873)
- Editor/founder of New York Tribune. "Go West, young man." Said people struggling in E could make fortunes in W.
- Thomas Hart Benton (1793-1836)
- Senator from Missouri, opposed slavery, advocated government support of frontier exploration and expansionism.
- Stephen Austin (1793-1836)
- 1822, first American settlement in Texas. Imprisoned in Mexico 1833-35, returned to command the settlers' army in the Texas Revolution.
- Texas War for Independence
- 1835 Texan leaders seized San Antonio, lost it in Alamo. Issued a Declaration of Independence, and surprised Santa Ana in 1836 Battle of San Jacinto, capturing him and gaining independence.
- Santa Ana
- Dictator of Mexico, attacked the Alamo in 1836. Defeated later on by Sam Houston at San Jacinto.
- Alamo
- Spanish mission coverted into a fort, besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. Texans held out for 13 days before being slaughtered.
- San Jacinto
- April 1836 surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana. Won Texan independence.
- Sam Houston (1793-1863)
- Former gov of Tennessee, sent to Texas by Jackson to negotiate with Indians. Commanded Texas army in 1835, led to victory at San Jacinto. Later President of the Republic of Texas, supported joining the Union in 1845. Later US Senator/Gov,, but removed in 1861 for not joining the Confederacy.
- Republic of Texas
- Created 1836, tried to act as own nation, but joined US in 1845 b/c of debt, internal conflicts, and Mexican threats.
- Annexation of Texas
- 1845 became a state, joint resolution (both houses of Congress supported) under Tyler.
- Election of 1844
- Polk (Dem), Clay (Whig), Birney (Liberty). Issues: manifest destiny, tariff reform, Texas, Oregon. Birney (abolitionist party) drew votes from Clay to give Polk NY and the election.
- Oregon
- Explored by L and C (1804-6), American fur traders there, but after War of 1812, GB took control. Oregon Treaty of 1846, supported by Polk, gave US Oregon at the 49th degree.
- Rio Grande, Nueces River, disputed territory
- Texas: "S border is Rio." Mexico: "No border is Nueces" US and Mex agreed not to send troops there, Polk later reneged on the agreement.
- Mexican War
- Causes: annexation of Texas, border dispute 1st part fought in N Mexico (led by Zachary Taylor), 2nd part fought to capture Veracruz and Mexico City (led by Winfield Scott). Result: Mexico gave up lots of W (NMex, Colorado, UT, Arizona, Nevada, CA), Zachary Talor elected Prez, Santa Ana abdicated
- John C. Fremont
- Civil gov of California, joined with Stephen Kearny to take California from Mexico.
- Stephen Kearny
- Commander of Army of the West in Mexican War, marched to California, securing New Mexico.
- Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo
- Negotiated by Nicholas Trist in 1847, ended Mexican War. Gave the US the American SW in return for $15 million.
- All Mexico Movement
- Benito Juarez overthrew Santa Ana, blocked American immigration to Mexico.
- Webster-Ashburton Treaty
- 1842, established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states. Ended Aroostook War (Maine lumberjacks v. Canadians, 1839).
- Oregon Territory
- Oregon/WA/parts of BC. Convention of 1818 held this area under GB and US joint occupation, eventually border established at 49th parallel.
- Election of 1848
- Taylor (Whig) v. Lewis Cass (Democrat) v. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party). Taylor's hero status/sidestepping of slavery brought him victory. Cass wanted popular sovereignity, Free Soil wanted no slavery in Oregon.
- Wilmot Proviso
- Penn Rep David Wilmot attached a proviso to Polk's Appropriations Bill of 1846, would block slavery from all new territory. Early federal slavery debate.
- Transportation Revolutioin
- 1850s, RRs were cheap and widespread. Reduced travel time and shipping cost/possibilities. Linked cities' economies.
- Boston Associates
- 1814, opened a Massachusetts factory, ran by Lowell. Invented the power loom. Made cloth so cheap that people began buying instead of making it.
- Factory girls
- Lowell opened a boarding house for his factory girls- hired unmarried woman b/c they were cheaper than men and undistracted by domestic duties.
- Cyrus McCormick
- Invented the reaping machine (1831), making corporate farming possible. Part of industrial revolution.
- Elias Howe (1819-1869)
- Invented sewing machine, 1846.
- 10 Hour Movement
- Labor unions advocated a 10 hour workday (previously, worked from sunup to sundown).
- Clipper ships
- Long, narrow with tall masts and huge sails. Developed after 1825, v. fast and good for trade to China.
- Cyrus Field (1819-1892)
- Backed the Transatlantic Telegraph Cable, first attempted in 1857 and completed in 1866.
- Robert Fulton
- Invented the commercial steamboat (the Clermont) in 1807, and the first practical submarine (the Nautilus).
- Samuel Morse
- Developed a working telegraph.
- Walker Tariff
- 1846- lowered tariff, introduced warehouse system of sorting goods until duty is paid. (Sponsored by Polk's Sec. of Treasury, Robert Walker).
- Independent Treasury System
- After the National Bank was destroyed, vaults in various cities to collect/expand gold/silver gov funds were created by Van Buren and Polk. Meant to keep gov out of banking.
- American Colonization Society
- 1817 formed, purchased land in Liberia, shipped free blacks back to Africa.
- Abolitionism
- Militant effort to do away with slavery. Began in 1700s, in N, became a political issue in 1830s and dominated after 1840s until the Civil War.
- William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879)
- Militant abolitionist, created and edited 'The Liberator' in 1831. Famous due to inflammatory language, attacking even moderate abolitionists and advocating N secession.
- Theodore Weld
- Abolitionist, advised anti-slavery Whigs in Congress, wrote anonymously 1839 'American Slavery as It Is' (inspiration for Uncle Tom's Cabin).
- Angelina and Sarah Grimke
- 2 sisters from S.C. who lectured with first-hand accounts of slavery. Also involved in prison reform and the temperance movement.
- Nat Turner's Revolt
- 1831, Virginia. 60 slaves killed 55 whites, resulted in manhunt with 100 slaves killed (Turner caught 2 m later). Slave states strengthened laws against slaves, united in support of fugitive slave laws.
- Sojourner Truth
- (Isabelle Baumfree), first black woman orator to speak out against slavery. Very famous.
- Gabriel Prosser (1775-1800) revolt.
- Planned to revolt, make Virginia a state for blacks with help from Haiti. 1000 slaves planned to attack Richmond, but were delayed and betrayed.
- Denmark Vesey
- 1822 SC, tried to seize Charleston, but was betrayed.
- Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
- Self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, v. famous abolitionist speaker/writer. Edited 'The North Star', an anti-slavery weekly.
- Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond
- Iron mill in Richmond run by skilled slaves, best iron foundry in naton. Kept Confederacy alive until 1863 as its only cannon supplier.
- Mountain whites in S
- Rednecks, poor, aspired to own slaves. Hated blacks/rich whites. Made up much of Confederate Army, fighting for sectionalism and states rights.
- Prigg v. Pennsylvania
- 1842: Slave escaped to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured and returned him. Pennsylvania indicted that agent for kidnapping. Supreme Court ruled that only the owner of an escaped slave could apprehend that slave.
- "King Cotton"
- Used by S orators/authors to emphasize cotton's economic dominance of the S, and that the N needed the cotton. 1858, James Hammond: "You daren't make war against cotton!... Cotton is king!"
- Free Soil Party
- Formed 1847/8, opposed slavery in new territories but also wanted to ban free blacks from there.
- John Sutter (1803-1880)
- erman immigrant who had land in California, gold was found on his land in 1848.
- Forty-niners
- Miners flocking to California in 1849, established claims all over N California. Looking for gold.
- Compromise of 1850
- Pushed through Congress by Stephen Douglas. Cali admitted as free, UT/NM organized w/out slavery restrictions, Texas/New Mexico border decided, abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, tougher fugitive slave laws.
- Fugitive Slave Law
- 1793 and 1850, provided for return of escaped slaves. 1793 never reinforced in N. 1850 law was tougher, aimed at stopping Underground Railroad (it was illegal to help escaping slaves).
- Anthony Burns (1834-1862)
- Slave fled to Boston from Virginia in 1854. Attempts to unreturn him led to huge protests, eventually bought for $100,000 by Boston friends after he was returned.
- Ablemann v. Booth
- 1859: Sherman Booth sentenced to prison for assisting a fugitive slave. Wisconsin Supreme Court released him, saying the Fugitive Slave Law was unconsitutional, but the US Supreme Court overturned that ruling.
- Uncle Tom's Cabin
- Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote it, helped abolitionist cause, helped bring about the Civil War.
- Election of 1852
- End of Whig party- Pierce (Dem) won by a landslide. Whigs merged into new Republican party.
- Perry and Japan
- Commodore Matthew Perry went to Japan in 1853, impressed Japan (usually isolationist) so much that they opened trade w/ US in 1854 Treaty of Kanagania.
- Ostend Manifesto
- Tried to get Spain to sell Cuba for $20 million to the US. Unsuccessful, and N upset cuz Cuba would've been a slave state.
- Kansas-Nebraska Act
- 1854, repealed the Missouri Compromise and went for popular sovereignity over federal intervention in territories about slavery.
- Birth of the Republican Party
- 1854, coalition of Free Soil, Know-Nothing, and the Whigs. Liberal, anti-slavery. 1856 election, Prez candidate John C. Fremont got 1/3 popular vote.