Knowledge Bowl- Grammar
Terms
undefined, object
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- Verbal
- Based on verb
- Gerund
- Verbal ending with 'ing' and acting as a noun. (The police arrested him for SPEEDING, my cat's favorite activity is SLEEPING, TRAVELING might satisfy your desire for new experiences).
- Gerund phrase
- Gerund + modifiers/objects/complements (usually doesn't require punctuation). (Her favorite tactic is LYING TO HIS CONSTITUENTS, 'lying to'=gerund, 'his constituents'= direct object).
- Participle
- Verbal used as an adjective, usually ends in -ing or -ed. ("the CRYING baby fell asleep", the BURNED log was black).
- Present participle
- Participle ending in 'ing' (The CRYING baby had a wet diaper).
- Past participle
- Participle ending in -ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n. (SHAKEN, he walked away from the WRECKED car).
- Participial phrase
- Participle and modifiers/pronouns/noun phrases that function as objects/complements (REMOVING HIS COAT, Jack rushed to the river, removing = participal, his coat=direct object) . Must be placed as close as possible to the nouns/pronouns they modify. Sometimes set off with commas.
- Infinitive
- Verbal (word "to"+ verb) (TO WAIT seemed foolish, Everyone wanted TO GO, His ambition is TO FLY).
- Infinitive phrase
- Group of words of infiinitve and modifiers/pronouns/noun phrases that function as actors/objects/complements. (We intended TO LEAVE EARLY, 'to leave' is the infinitive, 'early' is the adverb').
- Regular/Irregular Verbs
- 3 parts: root, simple past, and past participle. Both simple past and past participle have -ed added to the end. Irregular verbs don't follow this pattern.
- Appositive
- Pronoun/noun set beside another noun/pronoun to explain it.
- Count/noncount nouns
- Count nouns can be expressed in plural form (ie, cat), but noncount nouns cannot (air).
- Relative Pronouns
- that, who, whom, whose, which, where, why, when. Used to join clauses to make a complex sentence.
- Defining (restricting) relative clauses
- Provide crucial info that explains the main clause.
- Non-defining (non-restrictive/parenthetical) relative clauses
- Provide additional, nonessential info about a main clause.
- Articles
- A, an, the- precede a noun/noun phrase.
- Prepositions
- Work with nouns/pronouns to modify verbs, nouns, or adjectives. Convey spatial, directional, or temporal meaning. (Ivy climbed UP the walls of the house).
- Conjunctions
- Join 2 clauses or independent sentences together. But, so, and, or...
- Active voice
- The subject of the sentence performs the action expressed in the verb.
- Passive voice
- The subject is acted upon.
- Simple present tense
- They walk
- Present perfect tense
- They have walked
- Simple past tense
- They walked
- Past perfect tense
- They had walked
- Future tense
- They will walk
- Perfect future tense
- They will have walked
- Coordinating conjunctions
- FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
- Subordinating conjunctions
- Comes at the beginning of a subordinate (dependent) clause.
- Correlative conjunctions
- Conjunctions combining with other words. (WHETHER you win this race OR lose it doesn't matter, She led the team NOT ONLY in statistics BUT ALSO in enthusiasm).
- Conjuctive adverbs
- Create complex relationships between ideas. However, moreover, consequently, etc.
- Interjections
- Words/phrases that exclaim or protest. (WOW! I didn't see that coming!).