intro to lung structure
Terms
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- In which organelle is o2 burned and co2 produced?
- mitochondia
- what is the whole purpose of the respiratory system?
- to keep cells supplied with 02
- tissues vary in the tolerance of hypoxia, name a tissue that is very vulnerable?
- brain
- the amount of co2 produced per molecule of o2 consumed (the respiratory quotient RQ) is equal for carbs and palmitic acid. T or F
- False
- lipids produce more or less co2 per vol of 02?
- less co2
- glucose produces more or less co2 per vol of 02 than lipids?
- more co2
- what is the overall respiratory quotient usually in a person just breathing normally
- .8 - .85 we are normally metabolizing both lipid and carb, the overall resp rate is a intermediate between the two
- c6h1206 + 6o2 --> ?
- 6 h20 + 6co2
- ? + ? --> 6h2o+ 6co2
- c6h12o6 + 6o2
- ch3(ch2)14COOH + 23o2 ----> ?
- 16 h20 + 16 co2
-
metabolism for palmitic acid is
CH3(CH2)14COOH + 23O2 --> 16h20 + 16co2
What is the respiratory quotient? - R = co2/o2 = 16/23 = .7
-
if the glucose metabolism eqn is this:
c6h1206 + 6o2 --> 6h20 + 6co2
what is the respiratory quotient - R = co2/02 = 6/6 = 1
- how do you determine co2 production
-
CO2 production is concentration fraction of CO2 in the exhaled gas times the amount of gas exhaled per minute.
- describe co2 production per minute
- exhaled ventilation per min * co2 as a fraction of gas
- what is the formula for o2 consumption per min
- exhaled ventialtion * (inhlaed fraction of o2 - exhaled fraction of 02)
- what is the calculation of R value at a steady state?
- r = co2 production / o2 consumption
- A 25 year old volunteer breathes on a mouthpiece with a one way valve for one minute and exhaled gas is collected. The volume of the gas is 6,000 ml. The exhaled fraction of the gas that is CO2 is 4.0% (0.04).The inhaled oxygen fraction is 21% (0.21) and
-
CO2 Production=
6,000 ml/min X 0.04 = 240 ml/min
O2 Consumption=
6,000 ml/min X (0.21 – 0.16) = 6,000 X 0.05 = 300 ml/min
R = (240 ml/min)/(300 ml/min) = 0.8
- where is the whole respiratory system controlled
- the brainstem region where certain neurons respond mainly to the effects of arterial co2 concentration to stimulate another area of the medulla to rhythmicaly depolarize
- a normal subjecct will increase the rate of air movement into and out of the lun to try if... what happens to gas levels
- if co2 rises or to a lesser extent if o2 drops
- do the lungs have their own pacemaker like the heart does?
- no
- if you lose connection to the cervical spinal cord ... ex: transection above c4, will you be able to keep breathin?
- no
-
contraction of each hemi-diaphragm results in oing from a ____ shape to a ____ shape?
choices:
rounded and flattened - Contraction of each hemi-diaphragm results in it going from a rounded dome shape to a more flattened shape
- when you flatten out the diaphragm durin contraciton you increase or decrease the vol of the thorax?
- oincrease
- what is a tidal volume
- the amount of air inhaled in a particular breath
- what is the term that describes the amount of air inhaled in a particular breath?
- tidal volume
-
if
the tidal vol = .5 L liters
respiratory rate = 12/min
what is the minute ventilation? -
6 l / min
=
.5 L * 12/min - what muscles are absolutely needed during quiet breathin?
- diaphragm only. the other major respiratory muscles are not needed in quite respiration
- expiration is by contraction of the diaphragm... T or F
- Contraction of the diaphragm is enough for inspiration and expiration is accomplished by passive recoil of the lungs and chest wall
- when do u use external intercostals to respire?
- vigorous respiration
- what does the external intercostal do to the ribs?
- lift
- what does liftin the ribs do to the intrathoracic volume and how
- increases it both by increasin the lateral and anterior to posterior diameter of the chest
- which intercostal muscles pull the ribs down
- the internal intercostals
- when exhalation needs to be more rapid which muscles do u need to use?
- the internal intercostals. they are angled to pull the ribs downward
- contraction of the abs has what effect on respiration?
- increases exhalation by increasing abdominal pressure and pushing the diaphragm up
-
the last purely conduction airways in the
bronchiole->alveoli divisions is what? - the terminal bronchioles
- the first respiratory passageways in the path from the bronchioles --> alveoli are what divisions?
- the respiratory bronchioles
- where do you see the first alveoli?
- some alveoli arise from the respiratory bronchioles
-
what are parts of the airway called that have no gas exchange occuring within them?
a. dead space
b. still space
c. static resting - a. dead space
-
all of the airways down to the _______ are included in the dead space?
A. RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
B. ALVEOLI
C. ALVEOLAR DUCTS
D. TRACHEA
E. TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES - E. TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
-
out of the normal tidal volume how much goes to ventilate the dead space?
a. 1/3
b. 1/2
c. 2/3 - a. 1/3
-
where does the o2 molecule move fastest?
- the largest airways
- the total cross sectional area as you move toward the alveolus increases or decreases?
- increases despite the smaller size of the individual airways
-
the movement to the alveolar capillary membrane is by:
a. pressure driven action
b. forced breathing
c. contraction of smooth muscle
d. diffusion - diffusion
-
which has cartilage?
a. trachea
b. bronchus
c. bronchiole -
a. and b.
trachea and bronchus -
the cellular surface within the alveolus is moist this results in ...
a. an air-water interface
b. an air-blood interface
c. an alveolus surfactant interface with fiber - a. an air water interface
- what substance reduces the surface tension of the air water interface in the lungs?
- surfactant
-
which cells permit gas diffusion and which cells produce surfactant
choices:
type one
type two
plueriopotent
squamous -
type one permits diffusion
type two produces surfactant -
alveolar gas has a pO2 of about
a. 100 mmhg
b. 20 mmhg
c. -45 mmgh - a. 100 mmHg
-
what is the p02 of blood arrivin in the pulmonary artery?
a. 100 mmHG
b. -25 mmHg
c. 35 mmHg
d. 40 mmHG - d. 40
- is the gradient of pC02 or pO2 greater during gas diffusion in the alveolus?
-
pO2 gradient is about 60 mmHg whie
pCO2 gradient is about 5
co2 diffuses more easily than o2 due to its greater water solubility and does not need as large of a gradient -
the lungs recieve..
a. all of the cardiac output
b. about 75% of the cardiac output
c. large amounts of hair - a. all of the CO
-
match
a. pulmonary arteries
b. pulmonary veins
1. horizontal orientation and follow intersitial CT
2. vertical orientation follow airways -
a. 2
b. 1 -
by the time the blood leaves the lung the partial pressure of 02 and CO2 is...
a. the same
b. higher
c. lower -
a. the same
-
when the blood goes to the tissues the pO2
a. increases
b. drops
c. stays the same - b. drops
-
when the blood goes out to tissues after the lungs the PC02
a. increases
b. decreases
- a. increases