bio 212 midterm
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- Cell wall (primary)
-
-structural and protective element
-Structure is like cement & re-barb - Secondary cell wall
-
-extra protection and support
-between primary cell wall and plasma membrane - Middle Lamella
-
-Pectin
-Between the primary cell walls of different cells - plasmodesmata
- -channels that connect plant cells
- Vacuole (central)
-
-Functional replacement for lysosomes
-Store salts/minerals
-80% of a cell - Chloroplast
-
-specialized plastid
-lots of folds - Stroma
- -space inside chloroplasts
- Granum
- -Stacks of thylakoid
- Thylakoid
- -Small disks inside chloroplasts
- Peroxisome
-
-Transfer H of molecules to oxygen
-Convert seed lipids to sugars
-salvage pathway for photosynthesis - Photoautotroph
- -self nourishment through light energy
- Heterotroph
- -Humans
- Chloroplasts function
-
-Photosynthesis
-chlorophyll in thylakoid membrane - Chlorophyll
-
-capture photons of light
-transfer energy - Light Reaction
- -Light energy to make NADPH and ATP
- Light reaction "players"
-
-PSII & PSI
-Cytochrome complex
-NADP+ reductase
-ATP synthase
-Mobile e- carriers (Pq, Pc, Fd)
-"workers" (photons, chlorophyll, e-, H+)
-Reactants/Products (water, oxygen, NADP+, NADPH, ADP+Pi, ATP) - Calvin Cycle
-
-Makes sugars
-Depend on products of light reaction - Calvin Cycle "players"
-
-Rubisco
-Organic molecules
-Carbon dioxide
-ATP
-NADPH - Photosystem
-
-max. light absorption
-organize to enable e- transfer - pigment
-
-selective color absorption
-absorb visible light - Cytochrome Complex
-
-Heme proteins
-Mediate e- transfer
-Pump in 2 H+ - NADP+ Reductase
- -Make NADPH out in the stroma
- Light harvesting complex
- -Body of the photosystem
- Mobile electron carriers
-
-Pq
-Cytochrome complex
-Pc - Primary electron acceptor
- -accepts electron for special chlorophyll a
- phosphorylation
- -H+ turn the ATP synthase crank
- Cyclic electron flow
-
-PSI only
-Makes ATP
-No NADPH or oxygen - Rubisco
-
-most abundant protein
-most "important" protein - Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
-
-G3P
-Multiply by 3 to get 1 - Photorespiration
-
-Requires 3 organelles (chloroplast, perixosome, mito)
-Salvage pathway for photosynthesis - C4
-
-spatial separation
-processes take part in different areas - CAM
-
-open pores during night
-closed pores during day
-temporal separation - stomata
- -controlled pores on leavesf
- PSII & PSI
-
-Harvest light energy to transfer e-
- Taproot
- -main root
- Lateral root
- -little roots that come off of the lateral root
- root hairs
-
-extension of a cell
-water and mineral absorption
-increase in surface area - nodes
- -leaf attachment
- internodes
- -between nodes
- axillary bud
- -branches
- apical bud
- -vertical growth
- petiole
-
-stalk of a leaf
-typically lacking in monocots - dermal
-
-epidermis (guard cells, root hairs)
-periderm (bark) - periderm
- -cork cambium & cork
- dermal (actual card)
-
-protection
-prevent water loss - vascular
-
-long distance transport
-xylem & phloem - Phloem
-
-transport sugars down
-on the outside - Xylem
-
-transport water and minerals up
-on the inside - Stele
-
-phloem
-xylem
-pericycle - ground tissue
-
-makes up remainder of plant
-photosynthesis
-storage
-support - pith
- -in the middle
- cortex
- -on the outside
- cork
- -suberin
- totipotency
-
-differentiate
-stem cells - parenchyma
-
-metabolism and storage
-generic plant cell
-thin and flexible
-living - collenchyma
-
-flexible support
-uneven walls
-living - sclerenchyma
-
-rigid support
-thick walls (lignin)
-dead - tracheids
-
-transport and support
-all vascular plants
-dead
-pitted - sieve-tube elements
-
-transport
-lack organelles
-sieve plates
-living - companion cells
-
-keep sieve-tube elements alive
-phloem loading - indeterminate growth
- -growth throughout life
- apical meristem
- -plant tissue in the roots and buds of shoots
- lateral meristem
- -vascular cambium & cork cambium
- vascular cambium
-
-ring between xylem and phloem
-gives rise to 2nd degree X&P and to vascular rays - pericycle
- -lateral root development
- root cap
-
-protect
-slime
-gravity
-replaced - leaf primordia
-
-leaves
-protect - initials
- -stay and give rise to more
- derivatives
-
-displaced and divide
-become specialized - water potential
- -direction of water movement
- pressure
-
-2 types
-Pressure=(+)
-tension=(-) - megapascal
-
-MPa
-unit - psi
- symbol for water potential
- symplast
- -continuum of cytosol
- apoplast
- -continuum of cell wall and spaces
- endodermis
- -barrier
- casparian strip
-
-suberin belt
-blocks apoplastic transport
-forces symplastic transport - root pressure
-
-positive pressure in xylem
- - transpiration
-
-loss of water through stomata
-causes tension - cohesion
- -"sticks" to cell walls
- adhesive
- -"sticks" to cell walls
- soil
- -source of nutrients
- parent material
- -rock
- horizons
- -layers of soil
- humus
- -decaying organic matter
- sand
-
-lots of space
-poor retention
-wind erosion - silt
-
-slippery
-water erosion - clay
-
-holds lots of nutrients
-little air
-little water flow - loam
-
-combo of sand, silt, and clay
-not always proportional - symbiosis
- -close relationship between two organisms
- legume
-
-2nd important class of crops
-nitrogen - flavonoids
-
-chemical
-structural variability - nod factors
-
-chitin backbone
-structural variability - nitrogenase
- -reduces nitrogen
- Leghemoglobin
- -buffers oxygen levels in a nodule
- red light
-
-germinate
-high quality - far red light
- -no germination
- Phytochrome
-
-plant receptor for R & FR
-protein & chromophore - Auxins
- -Class of growth promoting hormones
- cytokinin
- -Cell division and differentiation
- gibberellins
-
-Stimulate leaf and stem growth
-Stimulate fruit growth
-Stimulate seed germination - Abcisic Acid
-
-slows growth
-anti-hormone - Ethylene
-
-Gaseous hormone
-fruit ripening - Coleoptile
- -senses light & sends signal down
- Phototropism
- -growth of a plant shoot away or towards light
- Acid growth hypothesis
- -Auxin stimulates H+ pumps
- Gravitropism
- -Growth Response to gravity
- Statoliths
- -Specialized organelles in detecting gravity
- Falling statolith hypothesis
-
-Lateral transport of auxin
-Cell elongation along top
-Rootcurvesdown - Model organism
-
-short lifecycle
-small
-readily available
-can easily manipulate
-biological relevance
-small genome - Arabidopsis thaliana
-
-the most studied
-first plant genome sequenced (125 million bases) - Rice
-
-The most agriculturally important plant
-6 ~ 9 months
-2nd plant genome sequenced
-Tremendous potential towards
food engineering - Artificial selection
- -breeding and selection of desirable traits
- Seedless watermelons
-
-Manipulation of plants
-Treat with colchicine
-Depolymerize microtubules - Transgene
- -transferred gene
- Transgenic
- - genetically modified through recombinant DNA technology to carry gene(s) from another organism
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens
-
-crown gall
-injects own DNA into plant - Gene gun
- -Naked DNA & gold
- Golden rice
-
-23 X more beta-carotene
-Not released for human consumption - Bacillus thuringiensis
- -Bacteria: toxins against insects
- Rainbow papaya
- -raised papaya production by 50%
- Alcohol fermentation
-
-one CO2 removed
-2C reduced to 2C ethanol - Lactic Acid fermentation
- -3C pyruvate reduced to 3C lactic acid