arch midterm

Start Studying!

Terms

undefined, object

copy deck

stonehenge: hanging stones
amelia's orangutan name: mango
culture: non genetic means
anthropology: holistic and integrative study of human species.
focuses on humanity in all forms.
biology, behaviour, culture, material culture, history.
anthropology subfields: 1. physical - bones/fossils of humans/primates (primatology/paleoanthropology
2. archaeology - cultural evolution via material remains
3. linguistics - evolution of speech.
4. sociocultural anthropology - human behaviour pre/industrial
myths: invoke the supernatural to explain unknown aspects - they order, rationalize, justify and stabilize social systems
scientific method: data collection, generation of repeatable observations, generalizations, organization of dates into generalizations
james ussher 1581-16xx: earths biblical age 4004 bc
carolus linneaus 1707-1778: binomial nomenclature (genus, species), taxonomy
comte de buffon 1707 -1774: species can change
lamarck: inheritance of acquired characteristics
georges cuvier: catastrophism - belief that the world was changed over time by a series of catastrophes
james hutton and charles lyell: uniformitarianism - concept that biological and geological processes that affected the earth in the past still operate today
darwin: natural selection and finches
christian thomsen: 3 age system (stone - bronze - iron)
tylor and morgan: unilinear view of cultural evolution
date of big bang: 15 bya
date of cambrian explosion: 543 mya
dinosaur extinction: 65 mya - led to rise of mammals
unilinear evolution: discredited notion that all cultures go through same sequence of change
multilinear evolution: accepted notion that different cultures pass through any of a number of possible sequences of change
natural selection: evolution based on relative reproductive success of individuals within a species due to individual's adaptive fitness, only best suited to environment survive and adapt
date of formation of sun: 5 bya
first fossils: bacteria like cells (date): 3.6 bya
oxygen in atmosphere date: 1.8 bya
culturual ecology julian steward/ grahame clark: culture represents uniquely human form of adaptation to environment. diversity of human culture reflects a diversity of adaptations aimed at living successfully in a particular ecological niche
processual archaeology lewis binford: rigid scientific methods.
close examination of adaptive processes structuring prehistoric social and economic life
scientism (critique of processual archaeology): belief that scientific method is infallible and always yields the truth
types of material culture: 1 artifacts (any object modified by a human)
2 ecofacts (diet/economy)
3 cultural features (non portable remains)
4 sites cluster of artifacts, ecofacts or features
subsurface testing: 1 proton magnetometry
2 electrical resistivity survey
3 ground penetrating radar
4 shovel testing
proton magnetometry: finds magnetic anomolies
negative interference from electrical storms, iron fence, wires
electrical resistivity survey: probing ground, cheaper, walls contain less water therefore less resistance
groundwater interferes
ground penetrating radar: radar pulses
works best with well drained souls with low clay content
shovel testing: transect a line of systematically located test pits
looking at known sites or random testing
arch survey methods: asking locals
often near places that seem comfortable to live in
aerial photography
satellite imaging
horizontal provenience vertical: spatial position of object related to fixed point (datum)

same, but can determine rough age, law of superposition
stratigraphy and law of superposition: relative dating techniques
stratigraphy: arrangement of soil and rock in layers
law superpos. : deeper stuff is older
seriation: relative dating technique, establishing a relative chronological sequence using the pattern of replacement of styles of a type of artifact
radiocarbon dating: absolute dating, uses carbon 12 and 14, 14 is radioactive, half life of 5730 yrs. living things ingest c14, stop ingesting after death. measures c14 to c12 ratio. organic material. range up to 70,000 yrs
dendochronology: using tree ring sequences for absolute dating. california crystal pine first to be sequenced.
potassium argon dating (K/Ar): measures decay of K40 to AR40, dates volcanic rock, useful for 100,000 yrs old and onwards
fission track dating: used on volcanic rock, measures ages from 1mya to 100,000 ya. measures uranium decay
thermoluminescence dating: used on rocks, minerals, pottery/ceramics, can tell how long since item was last heated. 300ya to 100,000 ya
electron spin resonance (ESR): applicable to teeth thousands of years old onwards, also on limestone, coral, shell
obsidian hydration: used for dating obsidian (volcanic glass) artifacts as old as 120,000 yrs
N (natural) transforms site formation process: wind driven deposits, erosion, animal disturbance
C transforms (cultural) site formation process: human activity changing sites:
garbage, what people take vs leave, plowing, developing
site formation processes: 1. deposition (midden/cemetary)
2. reclamation (historic period fragment made into game dice)
3. disturbance (plowing/erosion)
4. re-use (item reused in variety of ways in same context)
ethnoarchaeology: observing living people to understand how archaeological records are produced
palynology: IDing plants through preserved pollen remains
phytoliths: microscopic fragments of silica produced by plants
sea and ice core analysis: can determine if it was warmer or colder
ethnographic analogy: using ethnographies to study archaeological sties of living peoples
zooarchaeology min. # of indivs (MNI) # of indiv. specimens (NISP meat yield estimate: sort by species to ID MN of animals
count each bone frag as indiv. to give largest # of animals
how much meat each animal contributes to overall diet
reconstructing social systems: bands + tribes / chiefdoms and states
reconstructing ideology: study of human remains, species ID and definition
Sex ID dimporphhism age health: distinguishing features between M/F (crania and pelvic bones).
dental eruption, cranial sutures, epiphyreal union.
paleopathology
enamel hypoplasia
human remains trepanation/surgery burial: social care/behaviour

primary, when a body is interred soon after death
seconday, body is interred or cremated prior to final burial
gregor mendel true breeding: bred peas
produce same traits as parents
genetics: study of mechanisms of inheritance
genotype: total genetic info carried by an indiv.
DNA types: molecule that carries genetic code

nuclear: found in nucleus, inherited from both parents
mitochondrial: outside nucleus, only from maternal
chromosome: strand of DNA in the nucleus of cells
gene locus: point on a chromosome where two sets of genetic instructions are found

(sets are alleles)
population: a group of organisms capable of forming mating pairs
breeding pop.: a pop with some degree of genetic isolation from other pops. of same species
gene pool: total amount of genetic variability within a breeding pop
phenotype: observable characteristics
discontinuous variation continuous: phenotypic traits are discrete (eg A B O blood types)
traits are blended (eg body size and shape)
hardy weinberg theorem: formula used to calculate expected frequency of genes by comparing the genetic make up of a real pop. to a hypothetical one that is free from evolutionary forces
forces of evolution 1. mutation: 1. chem change in gene structure 2. change in order of chromosomes 3. change in # of chromosomes
forces of evolution 2. Natural selection: 1. stabilizing ( human body size) 2. directional; continuously increasing trait 3. diversifying: extremes among averages (new species, blood type etc)
forces of evolution 4. gene flow: transports alleles from one pop to another through interbreeding

increases variation within pop, decreases between pops.
macroevolution 1. speciation: appearance of new form or species
1. gradualism: suggests pops naturally change over time
2. puncuated equilibrium: pops develop to a state of stasis/equilibrium for a long time and then occasionally forced into new niche
macroevolution 2. adaptation: adjustment of an organism to a particular set of environmental conditions
macro evolution 3. stasis: period of evolutionary maturity, stable status
macro evolution 4. extinction: ecological change, law of competitive exclusion, catastrophes
mitochondrial eve hypothesis: mitochondrial dna used to estimate the relatedness of 2 species or 2 diff pops of same species
primate evolution, ecology and adaptation senses: vision: convergent orbits, stereoscopic colour vision, enlarged visual centres in brain.
smell: shortened snout, limited olfactory sense, small olfactory bulbs in brain.
locomotion and manipulation: pentadactyl, mobile digits, opposability, nails not claws, dermatoglyphs, prehensile, brachiation, quadripedal, bipedal
primates reproduction: normally one offspring at a time, direct care of young, postnatal dependancy
primates diet related traits: unspecialized dentition, reduction in # and size of incisor and premolars
who's in family hyblobatidae pongidae hominidae: gibbons, siamangs

great apes

humans

Start Studying!

Deck Info

Number of cards 82

Created By mhenry