RTVF 1310 Test 2

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Radio's Three C's: Competition
Consolidation
Control
Out of the mediums in media, which is there more of than any other?: Radio
__ times more radio than television: 5
___ times more radio than television: 10
There's competition for __ __ within the radio market: advertising revenue
radio is a ____ based medium: locally
AMs in local markets rely on...: local advertising
FMs frequently dominate in...: larger cities
FMs in larger cities rely on...: national spot and local advertising
what percent of radio listening is on FM stations: 80%
What are the most profitable radio stations?: Big FM stations in major cities

AM news/talk stations in major cities
satellite radio listening accounts for what percent of total radio listening?: 3.4%
in the 1990's the NAB lobbied to ___ radio: deregulate
___ and ___ stations have largely disappeared: mom and pop
group ownership restrictions have been...: lifted
Telecommunications Act of 1996: -shifted the radio landscape
-relaxed ownership standards (no limit to total number of stations a group can own)
-group owners can own up to 8 stations in one marketplace
-supergroups of station owners formed
refers to the in-market control of radio stations in terms of numbers of stations and the amount of revenue in a single market by one owner: duopoly
The arrangement that allows one station to oversee the programming, operation, and sales of another without owning it: LMA (leased or local market agreement)
single market multiple station ownership limits: effective 1992:
2 AM and 2 FM
-provided such a combo reaches no more than 25% of the market
multiple radio station ownership limits for a single market effective 1996: no more than 8 radio stations, no more than 5 in the same service (am or fm)
markets with 30 to 44 stations: no more than 7, no more than 4 in the same service
markets with 15 to 29 stations: no more than 6, no more than 4 in the same service
markets with 14 or fewer stations: no more than 5, no more than 3 in the same service
national multiple station limits for broadcast stations: effective 1996, no limit on AM or FM
Advocates of consolidation maintain that group ownership allows for economies of scale: â€“better buying power
â€“more efficient programming execution/ shared resources leading to better news coverage through
Critics of consolidation point to: â€“reduced sensitivity to community concerns
â€“sameness in formats from market to market
radio station formats are very...: structured
formats and music playlists tend to be very tightly controlled by...: station management
consumer research is conducted by...: group owners
how many radio signals do most markets in the U.S. receive?: 25
city where stations are located is called a?: market
"target audiences" is also referred to as...: narrowcasting
the program strategy is known as the radio stations...: format
target audience attributes include:: age
gender
income level
lifestyle and habits
what is the most programmed format?: country
â€“Many types of music fall into these categories â€“Tend to attract the audience most in demand by advertisers: adult contemporary and oldies
â€“Emphasis is on most current hit music â€“Music tends to be uptempo â€“Fast rotation of songs â€“DJs tend to be assertive and loud: contemporary hit radio
â€“Rhythmic CHR â€“Rhythmic AC â€“Urban Oldies â€“Urban Contemporary: popular ethnic formats
â€“Mexican Regional â€“Spanish Adult Hits â€“Spanish Tropical â€“Spanish Hot Adult Contemporary â€“Spanish Contemporary: more popular ethnic formats
noncommercial radio has how many radio stations?: 3000+
what are the two broad categories of noncommercial radio?: NPR and non-NPR
what are the three types of noncommercial radio?: community stations-licensed to civic groups
college radio-sponsored by colleges and communication departments
public radio-CPB qualified radio stations
frequencies for noncommercial radio: -no frequencies reserved for AM radio
-1941 first channels reserved for educational use with development of FM (five lowest channels)
when was the National Public Radio established?: 1970
other facts about NPR: â€“First satellite delivered radio network
â€“Stations pay a fee to NPR for service
â€“Vast majority of non-comms are not affiliated with NPR
who offers market exclusivity to stations?: American Public Radio/Now Public Radio International est. 1983
when was the American Public Media established?: 2004
what is satellite's primary income?: subscriptions
sirius/xm has more than ___ subscribers: 20.5 million
sirius/xm broadcasts more than ___ channels of programming: 300
sirius/xm radio is required...: â€“to put a tuner on the consumer market capable of accessing both services soon after the merger
â€“To permit any device manufacturer to develop equipment capable of delivering the satellite service, with no restrictions on adding other technologies, such as HD Radio, iPod ports, or broadband connections
â€“to cap rates for 3 years
responsible for placing advertising on the station schedule: operations (a.k.a. traffic)
how many tv full power stations are operating today?: 1700+
what percent of tv stations are commercial and percent are noncommercial?: 78% commercial
22% noncommercial
in 2011 how many homes have tv?: 98.2% or 116 million
who are the Big Four in television?: NBC}
CBS} big three
ABC}
FOX
what year did the fox broadcasting company start?: 1986 by Rupert Murdoch
UPN: United Paramount Network
-started in 1995
-Star Trek
WB: Warner Brothers
-started in 1995
-Buffy, 7th Heaven
Pax TV: -started in 1998
-programming based on family values
broadcast tv business consists of...: network tv and local tv
what percent of total tv viewer ship is on the big four?: 45%
who develops programs and distributes to local tv station affiliates?: network tv
what is affiliated to a network and schedules programs around network schedule?: local tv
local television stations may be classified as...: -network affiliated stations
-owned and operated (o&o)
-independent stations
what tv stations are the most profitable?: owned and operated
what are local television stations rated by?: profitability
what service was originally created to promote minority ownership in 1982?: lower power television
lower power television stations are limited to...: -3000 watts VHF
-150 kilowatts on UHF
how many LPTV are in operation?: 2300
where are LPTV stations normally located?: rural areas
what state has the most LPTV stations?: alaska
what station rebroadcasts the programs of a full-power tv broadcast station?: translator stations
translator stations typically serve...: communities that cannot receive the signals of free over-the-air tv stations
what stations are LPTV stations with upgraded interference protection rights and added requirements?: Class A tv stations
how many hours of locally-produced programming must LPTV air weekly?: 3 hours
how many licensed Class A tv stations are there?: 550
what is the suffix for Class A tv stations for their ID?: -CA
the deadline for ending analog broadcast did not apply to...: low power, class A, and TV translator stations
television owners tend to be...: large corporations
station ownership was ____ before the Telecommunications Act of 1996: limited
in the single market multiple station ownership, what was effective in 1970?: no combos including TV
what are the national multiple station limits for broadcast stations?: effective 1996: no limit of the number of tv stations as long as the total number of homes reached does not exceed 39%
what are the rules for tv duopolies effective 1999?: 2 to a market with provisions
-there must be at least eight stations in the market
-only one of the stations may be among the top four rated stations in the market
how many stations does PBS programs reach in the U.S.?: more than 350
how many homes watch PBS weekly?: 90 million
who watches PBS?: viewers have high incomes and are well educated
who does PBS garner funding from?: local television stations, underwriting, and through federal grants
what has PBS been an early advocate of?: digital television
what are the origins of non-commercial television?: 1948-52: joint committee on educational television
how many channels were initially reserved for non-commercial television?: 242
what is the commercial model that ETV or educational tv follows?: 1. build audience
2. strong network structure
what happened at the 1967 carnegie commission study?: -recommended a corporation for public (not educational) television be established by Congress
-led to legislation in the form of the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
what happened in the Public Broadcasting Act of 1967?: created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)

-awards grants for high quality programs from diverse sources
-helped to build network interconnection
-promoted the development of more public stations
-conducted research and training
what are the FCC limits on underwriter announcements?: -name of the business
-address or location of the business
-telephone number of the business, if it is an integral part of the operation
-brand and trade names or service listings which do not include qualitative or comparative language
-value neutral descriptions of product line or service
why do supporters say public broadcasting should continue?: -programs not found elsewhere are provided a forum for display on PBS. PBS serves viewing needs not met by commercial broadcasters
-public stations are the last real bastion of localism
-public broadcasting presents programming aimed at instruction and informal education, such as Sesame Street
why do detractors say public broadcasting shouldn't continue?: -type of programming featured on public broadcast stations is available elsewhere
-government monies shouldn't be used to support broadcast stations. the market place should determine the fate of broadcast stations
-programming offered is the root of shortcomings in funding
-conservatives target public broadcasting as being too liberal in news and public affairs presentations
cable is a strong competitor to?: over-the-air television
cable revenues exceed?: 70 billion
basic cable services include?: local channels and advertiser-supported program services
current "must-carry"/ retransmission consent rules: -broadcasters could choose either "must-carry" (cable operators are obligated to carry local stations), or
-retransmission consent (need to negotiate carriage with cable company)
how many cable homes subscribe to HBO?: 1 in 3
electronic program guides (EPGs) and local government channels (PEG) are examples of?: specialty services
what are distant signal imports?: independent or network stations to remote areas
how many homes in the U.S. are capable of subscribing to cable?: 98 of the 105 million
pay households are?: households that subscribe to services like HBO
cable economics: -high up-front capitalization (cost to wire each home)
-tier system provides additional revenues
local systems sell?: local advertising
cable television systems are sold on the basis of what?: cost per subscriber
what are the five divisions of television stations?: 1. sales
2. engineering
3. business
4. programming
5. news
who keeps the tv station operating?: engineering
what tv division sells time to advertisers?: sales
who is responsible for collecting money and paying the bills for the tv station?: business
who develops programming for the tv station?: programming
who produces local newscasts and informational programming for the tv station?: news
what are the departments of the cable franchise?: 1. technology
2. marketing
3. customer service
as of 2009, how many internet users are there worldwide?: 1.7 billion
what percent of internet users are adult Americans?: 74%
what is 2G?: voice only
what is 1G?: analog cellular
what is 3G?: voice and data
what is 4G?: -long-term evolution (proprietary)
-WiMax (open)
what is 3.5G?: high speed packet access
what is a pioneering information service in Great Britain delivered information within the "blanking" of the TV signal?: CEEFAX
what had experiments in the U.S. sponsored by newspapers (delivered by telephone late 1970s)?: videotex
what was Frances' Minitel thing that sent data service via the national telephone system (1980)?: videotext via telephone
what does ISP stand for?: internet service providers
what was an early home information utility that linked home computers to a central server?: The Source
what was acquired by H & R Block and is now owned by AOL?: Compuserve
what ISP differed from earlier services and provided monthly services for a flat rate, used a graphical interface, and contained advertising embedded in the screens?: Prodigy
what originally was called Quantum Computer Company and provided new services, support for gamers, and chat rooms and discussion forums?: American Online
what spurred growth of local, independent ISPs?: World Wide Web and internet browser Mosaic
who began experimenting with content on the internet?: newspapers and broadcasters
what became the first browser for personal computers and solidified web pages use hypertext markup language (HTML)?: mosaic
what was virtually instantaneous?: growth of the world wide web
what provided ways for users to navigate around the web?: search engines!
what is comprised of internet users?: internet society!
develops guidelines and specifications for the web MIT lab for CS, European Research Consortium, and Keio University: World Wide Consortium (W3C)

also apart of the internet society
what does URL stand for? and what does it provide?: uniform resource locator

provides a key to retrieve information on the web
.com is an example of what domain name?: top level
what are "helper" applications that extend the usefulness of web browsers?: plug-ins
what are the most popular services on the internet?: -email
-world wide web (internet explorer, firefox)
-messaging services (IM on AOL, yahoo, and microsoft messenger service)
-file sharing and swapping
what is an entrance or doorway on the internet?: portal
what was created in 2005 by three former paypal employees and was acquired by google for 1.65 billion?: YouTube!
what was the first electronic and interactive game on the internet?: Spacewar in 1962
who developed Spacewar?: Harvard researcher Stephen Russell and friends
what is small compared to broadcasting an cable industries, but is growing in the internet world?: commerce and advertising revenue
dotcom bust in 2000: -many companies went bankrupt
-media companies are looking for a working business model; a way to monetize
what are voluntary payments/donations? (internet): micro payments
what is the pay wall? (internet): -per hour charges
-monthly fees per use
what is the search engine/portal advertising?: -banner ads
-sponsorships
-interstitials
what started in June 1999 that allowed users to search for and swap music on the web?: napster!
when was napster sued for copyright infringement?: december 1999
when did the court order napster to shut down?: 2001
iPods: -introduced in 2001
-itunes introduced in 2003
-sales increased by 600% in 2004-05
why do broadcasters use the web?: for cross-promotion
national public radio allows listeners to?: download radio segments on the web
entertainments sites provide information about?: storylines and stars on the web
online users appear to listen to commercial radio less or more?: less
internet users aged 12-34 spend less time with traditional media as what increases?: internet usage
what percent of streaming media listeners are under the age of 35?: 57%
what do millions of people check for on the web?: news and information
news-related searches were 60 times greater than normal on what date?: sept. 11, 2001
the web is used as a source of?: up to date information like tv
what percent of internet users feel online news sources are trustworthy?: 80%
tv on the web and IPTV is more feasible today due to?: -increases in computer capabilities
-broadband connections
what does IPTV stand for?: internet protocol television
what is IPTV?: -shows are downloaded via broadband connection
-capable of both standard and high definition
what is the business of broadcasting?: broadcasting and cable are ways of linking viewers with advertisers while entertaining and informing an audience
stations attract audiences because of their?: programming
what generates the profits that make programming possible?: advertising revenue
what is an economical way to link large numbers of people with advertisers?: mass media technology
in electronic media there is an interplay between?: technology, the consumer, and economics of each medium
what is the revenue stream for television and radio model?: Single Revenue Stream
what is involved in a Single Revenue Stream?: the audience is the product that media delivers to an advertiser
what is the revenue stream for the cable model?: Dual Revenue Stream
what is involved in a Dual Revenue Stream?: -like broadcasting cable delivers an audience to an advertiser
-cable charges a monthly subscription fee for receiving the program
government oversight is tied to?: how competitive the media are
few market barriers allow many players to enter is what?: pure competition
there are a limited number of competitors is what?: oligopoly
where there is no practical competition is?: monopoly
the triangular relationship in the media business is among?: programmers, media sellers, and media buyers
marketers and advertisers develop a buying plan based on?: -population or market size
-effective buying income
-retail sales for the market (geographical area)
what is data related to expenditures of classifications of products for the specific market?: buying power index
BPI tells the advertiser what?: the market share of the advertiser
evaluates a run of x number of commercials over a specific time period that has a consistent rating for the target audiences: gross ratings points
reflects total of all persons reached by each commercial in an ad campaign: gross impressions
the cost of advertising on specific stations: rate cards
a specific number of spots to run on one or more stations (within a time frame known as a flight): packages
adjacencies are?: next to a program or spot set
trade deal or trade out is?: ads for goods or services
what does CPM stand for?: cost per thousand
CPM is used to?: express the cost of reaching 1,000 members (M) of the audience
what is the formula to find the CPM?: cost of advertising/ (average audience delivered/1,000)
local commercials purchased to run on local stations (local appliance store): local spot sales
time purchased within a television network program or on a radio network: network sales
national advertisers/local avails: syndicated
buying time at various local stations using a national sales representative: national spot sales
cost of ad is shared between manufacturer and local store: cooperative advertising
media purchases made before the television season actually begins: upfront market
four "seasons" where advertisers purchase time (fall, winter, spring, summer): scatter markets
what tv program is the most expensive to produce?: dramas
what tv program is less expensive than dramas?: comedy
what tv program is the least expensive to produce?: reality
some first run programming...: loses money until syndication
advertising revenue is NOT sufficient to pay?: the cost of the television series, particularly dramas

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