ling quiz 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- morpheme
-
minimal unit of language with meaning
dogs - "s" is a morpheme, means plural -
clear -> clarity
prohibit -> prohibition (loss of 't' sound) - allomorphy
- isolating language
-
little morphology
1:1 correspondence between meanings and words - agglutinative languages
-
many morphemes in a word
jap - hatarak-ase-are-ta-ra
- polysynthetic
-
many morphemes
meskwaki -
kikenowkisikenowemak
- english / german
- fusional languages, inbetween isolating and agglutinative
-
inflection
vs
derivation -
specific ideas
often syntactic
sing/sings
general, vague ideas
verbs -> nouns > adjectives
-ive, -tion, -able - brain
-
-average weighs 3 pounds
-intelligence relative to body weight
-25% water, fattest organ in body
-when awake generates 25W power
- brain cells/neurons
- ~10 million neurons in the brain
-
when does brain stop developing
does learning 2 lang change brain structure (childhood)
-
18
yes - structure of brain
-
3 major parts
brain stem
cerebellum
cerebrum / cerebral cortex - brain stem
-
earliest evolved and smallest
"reptilian" basic, instinctual life functions and atavistic responses
heart rate, respiration, digestion, elimination, BP, temp, anger, fight/flight - cerebellum
-
controls motor functions
balance, coordination
library of acquired physical skills (riding bike, throwing) - cerebrum
-
most recently evolved
largest (2/3 of brain surface)
"higher" brain function
top layer called cortex, deeply wrinkled to maximize SA
high parts: gyri
low parts: sulcus pl sulci
troughs: fissures - brain hemispheres
-
left hemisphere controls right side of body and vice versa
language
hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
each hemisphere has two sections
- frontal lobe
-
executive function
reasoning, planning, judgement, problem solving, some emotions, movement, parts of speech - parietal lobe
- movement, shape recognition, orientation, perception of sensory input
- occipital lobe
- visual processing, reading
- temporal lobe
- auditory processing, speech, memory, music, fear
- phrenology
- early attempts to link areas of brain to certain functions
- broca's aphasia
-
in broca's area in frontal lobe( left side )
non fluent aphasia
stammering, stumbling, omits function words and inflections
can't process syntax
motor impairment, weakness on right side
caused by strokes, accident, disease - wernickes aphasia
-
left temporal lobe
fluent aphasia
talk easily but it's nonsense
making up words
can't understand other's words
can't read
no motor impairment
strokes or accidents
-
cat scan
-
computerized axial tomography
looks inside living brain, static image only
- PEI scan
-
positron emission tomography
can see dynamic (working) brain, traces injected solution of positron emitting isotopes, shows high activity areas - FMRI
-
functional magnetic resonance imagery
non invasive, uses magnetism to trace iron in blood, shows where blood flow is highest -
dyslexia
bad word disease -
most common LD, 80% of LD
many degrees of severity
5-20% of children affected
permanent condition
affects sounds of language, not int
larger right hemisphere than normal - 3 areas in brain associated w/ reading (all left hemisphere)
-
broca's - production
parietal-temporal (incl. angular gyrus) - word analysis
occipital-temporal - word form
(dyslexics have less white matter in areas associated w/ reading, less grey matter in left parietal-temporal [grey matter can increase like muscle]) - dyslexia symptoms
-
problems w/ reading
don't make link between symbols of reading and sounds (phonemes) of spoken language
children may say words that contain a phoneme that sounds similar confession v concession
disastrous spelling - holophrasitc stage
- 1 word stage, but word has much meaning
- weak syllable deletion
-
banana - nana
telephone - tefone -
final consonant deletion
-
ca for calf
ho for home - cluster simplification
- pider for spider
- voicing assimilation
-
pig > big
car > gar - velar fronting
-
says div instead of giv
tiss instead of kiss - palatal fronting
- fis instead of fish
- simple manner
- dus for juice