Last Pathology Test part 2
Terms
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- organic compounds essential for normal phsicologic and metabolic function
- vitamins
- vitamins are part of ____systems that are vital to the bodys _____ ____-
- enzymatic ; cellular metabolism
- For the body to continue in a normal growth pattern and physicoloic funtion, enzymes are required to control ____
- amino acid metabolism
- Vitamins are formed ONLY by ____
- plants
- Vitamins come directly from eating ___, ___, and ___
- fruits, vegetable, and animals
- 2 types of vitamins
- fat soluble and water soluble
- Water soluble vitamins include __and ____ which cant be stored adn there fore must be a regular part of the diet
- B and C
- Excessive water soluble vitamins in the body are eliminated from the ___
- body
- Fat soluble vitamins are ___
- A, D, E, K which are stored in the bodys tissues
- Vitamin A = _____
- Retinol
- Vitamin A is essential for ____
- vision, bone growth, reproduction, cell division/differentiation
- The body requires _____to maintain integrity of mucous membrane liining repiratory, GI, and Urogenital tracts
- Vitamin A
- Vitamin A deficiency results in ____
- night blindness
- A deficiency in ____will cause vision problems due to lack of pigment in rods of retina
- retinol
- Where is Vitamin A performed and found?
- liver and whole milk
- ____is found in colorful fruits and vergetables
- Provitamin A carotenoid (beta carotene)
- Vitamin B1= _____
- Thiamine
- ____is essential for carb metabolism that promotes growth and maintains muscle tone and heart function
- Vitamin B1
- vitamin B1 (thimine deficiency)
- beriberi
- _____affects the cardiovascular system
- wet beriberi
- ____and ____affect the nervous system
- dry beriberi and Wernicke Korsakoff
- What deficiecny results in lack of growth and muscle tone
- beriberi
- noninflammotory degernation of myelin sheath, producing peripehral neuropathy characterized by weakness of limbs and pins and needles in extremities
- dry beriberi and Korsakoff
- cardiomegaly increased pulmonary vascular markings CHF, edema
- beriberi
- _____is common in breastfed infants 2-4 months if monther is deficient
- infantile beri beri
- Vitamin B3 =
- Niacin
- Body requires ___to complete cellular respiration
- Vitamin B3-niacin
- which vitamin does drug users sometime use
- vitamin b3
- vitamin b3 deficiency
- pellagra
- pellagra results in :
- reddening and scaling of exposed skin, vomiting, diarrhea,and nervous and mental disorders ranging from chronic depression to violent irrational behavior
- ___and ____ were common in POWs deprived of proper nutrition
- pellagra and beriberi
- necessary for RBC metabolism and the nervous and immune systems
- Vit B6
- is found in fortified breakfast cereals fish meats bananas beans and PB
- Vit B6
- Excess B6 leads to _____
- nerve damage in arms and legs
- Vitamin B12 =____
- cobalamin
- ____is necessary for health nerve cells and RBCs
- Vit b12
- helps make DNA
- vit B12
- why is Vit B12 called cobalamin
- it contains the metal cobalt
- B12 deficiency leads to :
- anemia, fatigue, weakness, constipation, loss of appetite, weight loss, neurological changes, difficulty maintaining balance, depression, confusion
- B12 deficiency in infants results in
- failure to thrive, movement disorders, delayed development, and megaloblastic anemia
- _____is a natural form, ____is a synthetic form
- folate; folic acid
- Latin Folium = _____
- leaf
- ____is essential during rapid cell division and growth; needed to make DNA and RNA and normal RBCs to prevent anemia
- folate
- Lack of folate/folic acid during pregnancy can lead to -
- neurologic problems in baby
- helps prevent changes in DNA that lead to cancer
- folate
- is found in leafy greens, fruits, dried beans, and peas
- folate
- Vitamin C=
- Ascorbic Acid
- a water soluable vitamin that helps to produce and maintain vascular endocthelium
- vit c
- caused by vitamin c deficiency
- scurvy
- was common among sailors and explorers because of their lack of fresh fruit and vegetables containing vit c
- scurvy
- scurvy cause weakening of _____; often resulting in bleeding into the ___, ____ and ____
- capillary walls ; skin joints and internal organs
- with scurvy, ____are especially affected adn bleed easity
- gums
- epiphyseal ossificaiton centers are demineralized and surrounded by dense sharly demarcated rings of calcification
- Wimbergers sign of scurvy
- Vitamin D is found in ____, but can be made in the body after exposure to UV light
- food
- _____is a significant source because it triggers vitamin D synthesis of the skin
- sunshine
- what vitamin maintains normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate
- VIT D
- Vitamin D deficiency in childrend leads to ___-
- rickets
- Vit D deficiency in adults leads to
- osteomalacia
- is a fatsoluble vitamin that is essential for blood clotting
- vit k
- vitamin K is found in ___
- leafy veggies
- Vitamin K deficiency results in _____
- excessive bleeding
- treatment of vitamin deficiencies:
-
modified diet to include foods that contain the RDA
Synthetic oral supplements
Injection of vitamins - _____aids in excretion of lead through GU tract in those who dont have kidney or liver disease
- Chelation
- connective tissue disorder having a characteristic butterfly shaped rash over nose and cheeks
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- Most likely represents an immune complex disorder
- lupus
- often affects young middle aged women
- lupus
- lupus can affect several ___-of the body
- systems
- when a person has lupus, they are sensitive to ____
- sunlight
- Subluxations and misalignments in the absence of erosions in the joints; pleural effusion; enlargement of cardiac silhouette; renal failure; hepatomegaly; splenomegaly; necrotizing inflammation
- lupus
- what is the most frequent complaint of lupus
- pain in multiple muscles and joints
- malignant skin cancer deadly skin cancer that metastasizes throughout the body
- melanoma
- produces multiple nodules in the lung and destructive bone lesions
- mestastatic melanoma
- group of chronic inherited condtions in which fat replaces muuscle; inherited muscular disease characterized by sever weakness and eventual death from repiratiory muscle failure or pneumonia
- Muscular Dystrophy
- muscle bundles appear finely striated or striped
- MS
- abnormally small head in relation to the body with associated underdevelopment of brain
- microcephaly
- mutaiton of genes causing a disease process
- chromosomal aberration
- 3 trisomy disorders:
- down syndrome, turners syndrome, klinefelters syndrome
- the most common trisomy disorder of all chromosomal aberrations
- down syndrome
- patients have 3 strands of chromosome 21(trisomy) instead of the normal 2
- down syndrome
- variety of conditions of related to abnormal development of gonads
- gonadal dysgenesis
- gonadal dysgenesis characterized by primary amenorrhea; primary amenorrhea as a result of chromosomal aberration
- turners syndrome
- occurs when a female has only ond x chromosome; patients may have a shortened 4th or 5th metacarpal
- turners syndrome
- testicular dysgenesis resulting in failure to produce sperm and testosterone
- klinefelter's syndrome
- a chromosomal aberration caused by 2 or more x chromosomes . it is characterized by small testes that fail to mature or produce sperm or testosterone
- testicular dysgenesis
- congenital condition of long thin spiderlike fingers and toes
- arachnodactyly
- connective tissue disorder affecting vision, skeletal and cardiovascular syndromes
- marfan syndrome
- elongation and thinning of tubular bones, most prominent in hands and feet
- marfan syndrom
- funnel chest; depressed sternum
- pectus excavatum
- cystic and sclerotic degeneration caused by injury, not infection
- aseptic necrosis
- multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown orgin; usually affects women more then men;
- sarcoidosis
- error of impairment to conver phenylalanine to tyrosine
- phenylketonuria
- causes brain atrophy as a result of the impaired conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine
- phenlyketonuria
- enzyme deficiency leading to an abnormal accumulation of homogentistic acid; dense laminated calcification in multiple intervertebral disks
- alkaptonuria
- excessive urinary excretion of several amino acids
- cystinuria
- renal urethral and bladder stones form as a result of excessive urinary excretion of aa
- cystinuria
- an error in metabolism due to a genetic amino acid disorder, causing a defect in the structure of collagen or elastin; inborn error of the metabolism of the amino acid methoionine
- homocystinuria
- excessive quanitites of complex lipids in the reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen, liver and bone marrow
- glycogen storage disease