History and Civil rights

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Thurgood Marshall: July 2, 1908 Associate Justice Unites States Supreme Court. Brown V. Board of Education
Nominated to Supreme Court
Earl Warren: March 91-July 74 14th Chief Justice of United States Supreme Court
Brown V. board of education, GideonV. Wainwright 63
Reynolds V Sims 64 and Miranda V. arizona
decisions of warren court ended school segregation
The Sit in movement: Feb 1960 4 Colleges students ATAT sat lunch couter Woolworths
refused service
movemnt spread to other souther cities richmond VA, Nashville tenn,
James Lawson trained Nashville Student Movement
Sales dropped by a third due to boycotts
SNCC: feb 1960 Student Ninviolent Coordinatin Committe created on shaw University in Raleigh to coordinate sitns support thier leaders and publicize their activiteis. Some of today black leaders came out of snick like Washingotn D.c mayor Marion Barry.
SCLC: Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Dr. MLK president
orginization to coordinate and support nonviolent direct actions as method of desegregating bus system across teh south. Feb 14 SCLC expanded to ending all forms of segregation. office auburn avenue in Atlanta.
Black Power: political slogan espoused by black racialiss. On June 16, 1966 after the shooting of James Meredith Stokely carmichael spokesperson for the SNCC said this is the 27 time I have been arrested and I anit going to jail no more! the only way we gonna stop them white men from whuppin us is take over. what we gonna say now is black power. open to use violence as a means of achieving their aims .
Dean Rusk: US SEC of state 61-69
pres John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson had strong doubt about Us intervention in vietnam. apposed the Bay of Pigs invasion just never apposed it ourgiht.
Robert NcNamara: Eight Secretary of defence serving President kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson eight Secretary of defense. played largy in vietnam war. skeptical about wherther the war could be won by deploying more troops to vietnam. traveled to vietnam many times to see firsthand, Domino theory
Eugene McCarthy: Senator from minnessot ran for presidental election in 68 again Lyndon B. Johnson After McCarthy won 42 percent of the vote in the Demoratic primary, the contest changed. On March 31, 1968, President Johnson announced that he would not run for re-election. Two days later, LBJ received only 35 percent of the votes in the Wisconsin primary, to McCarthy's 56 percent.
Tet offensive: military campaing during vietnam war 31 January 1968 the first day of the year on a traditional lunar calendar and most important vietnamese Holdiday. Both north and sourth vietnam announced there would be a 2 days cease fire more than 80,000 tropps striking more than 100tonws and cites 36 of 44 captials.
Martin Luther King Jr.: January 15, 1929 â€“ April 4, 1968) was an American clergyman, activist, and prominent leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement.[1] He is best known for being an iconic figure in the advancement of civil rights in the United States and around the world, using nonviolent methods following the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi.[2] King is often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism.[3]

He led the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, serving as its first president. King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his "I Have a Dream" speech. There, he expanded American values to include the vision of a color blind society, and established his reputation as one of the greatest orators in American history.

In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his work to end racial segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other nonviolent means. By the time of his death in 1968, he had refocused his efforts on ending poverty and stopping the Vietnam War.

King was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.
Robert F. Kennedy: November 20, 1925 â€“ June 6, 1968), also referred to by his initials RFK, was an American politician, a Democratic senator from New York, and a noted civil rights activist. An icon of modern American liberalism and member of the Kennedy family, he was a younger brother of President John F. Kennedy and acted as one of his advisors during his presidency. From 1961 to 1964, he was the U.S. Attorney General.

Following his brother John's assassination on November 22, 1963, Kennedy continued to serve as Attorney General under President Lyndon B. Johnson for nine months. In September 1964, Kennedy resigned to seek the U.S. Senate seat from New York, which he won in November. Within a few years, he publicly split with Johnson over the Vietnam War.

In March 1968, Kennedy began a campaign for the presidency and was a front-running candidate of the Democratic Party. In the California presidential primary on June 4, Kennedy defeated Eugene McCarthy, a U.S. Senator from Minnesota. Following a brief victory speech delivered just past midnight on June 5 at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, Kennedy was shot by Sirhan Sirhan. Mortally wounded, he survived for nearly 26 hours, dying early in the morning of June 6.
John Foster Dulles: February 25, 1888 â€“ May 24, 1959) served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina and it is widely believed that he refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954. He also played a major role in the Central Intelligence Agency operation to overthrow the democratic Mossadegh government of Iran in 1953
General Nguyen khanh: born November 8, 1927) is a former general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam who variously served as chief of state and Prime minister of South Vietnam while at the head of a military junta from January 1964 until February 1965. He was involved in or against many coup attempts, failed and successful, from 1960 until his defeat and exile from South Vietnam in 1965KhÃ¡nhâ€™s strong anti-communist rhetoric had drawn strong support from the Americans, but they later came to view him as unreliable, and they were particularly angered when the generals dismissed the High National Council, an advisory body designed to give the veneer of civilian government. A civilian president and prime minister were also installed under military supervision, but were quickly removed. One private discussion with US Ambassador Maxwell D. Taylor and the junta generals over these issues resulted in an angry threat to expel Taylor, which was followed by a threat to cut off aid, and a public denunciation of the Americans by KhÃ¡nh. KhÃ¡nh decided that he could no longer rely on American support, and decided to try to contact the Viá»‡t Cá»™ng to reach a truce. The Americans found out and began to try to organize KhÃ¡nhâ€™s removal
ARVN: army of the republic of Viet Nam. sometimes parsimoniously referred to as the Southern Vietnamese Army (SVA), was the land-based military forces of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), which existed from October 26, 1955 until the fall of Saigon on April 30, 1975. The ARVN is often erroneously used as a collective term to refer to all South Vietnamese military forces, including the Vietnam Air Force and Republic of Vietnam Navy.[1] They are estimated to have suffered 1,394,000 casualties (killed and wounded) during the Vietnam War.[2]

After the fall of Saigon to the invading North Vietnamese Army (NVA), the ARVN was dissolved. While some high-ranking officers had fled the country to the United States or elsewhere, thousands of former ARVN officers were sent to reeducation camps by the communist government of the new, unified Socialist Republic of Vietnam.

land based military
Wisemen: The Wise Men were a group of government officials and members of the East Coast foreign policy establishment who, beginning in the 1940s, developed the containment policy of dealing with the Communist bloc and crafted institutions and initiatives such as NATO, the World Bank, and the Marshall Plan. They came to personify an ideal of statesmanship that was marked by non-partisanship, pragmatic internationalism, and aversion to ideological fervor. These six friendsâ€”two lawyers, two bankers, two diplomatsâ€”came together when Harry Truman became President of the United States in 1945 and helped create a bipartisan foreign policy based on the resistance of the expansion of Soviet power. They were exemplars of the American foreign policy establishment, and as such tended to be practical, realistic, and non-ideological. They had generally known each other since their days at prep school or college, and on Wall Street. After they had retired, they and a group of like-minded establishment elders were dubbed The Wise Men and summoned back by President Lyndon Johnson. At first they supported the Vietnam War, but in a pivotal meeting in March 1968 they expressed the conviction that the war could not be won and American troops should be withdrawn.
Clark Clifford: Clark McAdams Clifford (December 25, 1906 â€“ October 10, 1998) was a highly influential American lawyer who served United States Presidents Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson and Jimmy Carter, serving as United States Secretary of Defense for Johnson.

Clifford took office committed to rethinking Johnson's Vietnam policies, and Vietnam policy consumed most of his time. He had argued against escalation in 1965 in private counsel with the president, but then provided public support for the president's position once the decision was made. At his confirmation hearing, he told the Armed Services Committee of the U.S. Senate that the limited objective of the U.S. was to guarantee to the people of South Vietnam the right of self-determination. He opposed ending the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam at the time, but acknowledged that the situation could change.

Clifford, like McNamara, had to deal with frequent requests for additional troops from military commanders in Vietnam. When he became secretary, the authorized force in Vietnam was 525,000. Soon after moving into his Pentagon office, Clifford persuaded Johnson to deny General William Westmoreland's request for an additional 206,000 American troops in Vietnam.
Nguyen Van Thieu: April 5, 1923 â€“ September 29, 2001) was president of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1975. He was a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), became head of a military junta, and then president after winning a fraudulent election. He established an authoritarian rule over South Vietnam until he resigned and left the nation a few days before the fall of Saigon and the ultimate communist victory.
Henry Kissenger and Le Duc Tho: LÃª Äá»©c Thá» ( pronunciation (helpÂ·info)) (born Phan ÄÃ¬nh Kháº£i, Ha Nam Province, October 14, 1911 â€“ October 13, 1990) was a Vietnamese revolutionary, general, diplomat, and politician, who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with United States Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in 1973, although he declined it.

In 1930, LÃª Äá»©c Thá» helped found the Indochinese Communist Party. French colonial authorities imprisoned him from 1930 to 1936 and again from 1939 to 1944. After his release in 1945, he helped lead the Viá»‡t Minh, the Vietnamese independence movement, against the French, until the Geneva Accords were signed in 1954
is a German-born American political scientist, diplomat, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. After his term, his opinion was still sought by many following presidents and many world leaders.

A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of dÃ©tente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. Various American policies of that era, including the bombing of Cambodia, remain controversial.
Battle of Diem Biem Phu: Chiáº¿n dá»‹ch Äiá»‡n BiÃªn Phá»§) was the climactic confrontation of the First Indochina War between the French Union's French Far East Expeditionary Corps and Viet Minh communist revolutionaries. The battle occurred between March and May 1954 and culminated in a comprehensive French defeat that influenced negotiations over the future of Indochina at Geneva. Military historian Martin Windrow wrote that Äiá»‡n BiÃªn Phá»§ was "the first time that a non-European colonial independence movement had evolved through all the stages from guerrilla bands to a conventionally organized and equipped army able to defeat a modern Western occupier in pitched battle."[12]
Ngo Dinh Diem: (January 3, 1901 â€“ November 2, 1963) was the first president of South Vietnam (1955â€“1963). In the wake of the French withdrawal from Indochina as a result of the 1954 Geneva Accords, Diá»‡m led the effort to create the Republic of Vietnam. Accruing considerable U.S. support due to his staunch anti-Communism, he achieved victory in a 1955 plebiscite that was widely considered fraudulent. Proclaiming himself the Republic's first President, he demonstrated considerable political skill in the consolidation of his power, and his rule proved authoritarian, elitist, nepotistic, and corrupt. A Roman Catholic, Diá»‡m pursued policies that rankled and oppressed the Republic's Montagnard natives and its Buddhist majority. Amid religious protests that garnered worldwide attention, Diá»‡m lost the backing of his U.S. patrons and was assassinated by Nguyen Van Nhung, the aide of ARVN General Duong Van Minh on November 2, 1963, during a coup d'Ã©tat that deposed his government.
O plan 34 A: was a highly-classified U.S. program of covert actions against the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV or North Vietnam), consisting of agent team insertions, aerial reconnaissance missions and naval sabotage operationsAfter a series of operations, in which Republic of Vietnam (RVN or South Vietnam) commandos were captured after insertion into North Vietnam, SOG shifted the emphasis of its activities to maritime operations. A small fleet of fast patrol boats was acquired for use in the landing of small action teams and the offshore bombardment of small DRV military facilities (such as radar installations), with the pace of these operations doubling between June and July 1964, following the intense engagement at Chan La. The Norwegian intelligence officer Alf Martens Meyer, recruited three Norwegian sailors to participate in these raids. The Norwegians ran SWIFT boats from Da Nang, with South Vietnamese commandos on board. The three norwegians told their story in a TV documentary for Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation in december 2000.
desota missions: The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, or the USS Maddox Incident, are the names given to two incidents, one disputed, involving North Vietnam and the United States in the waters of the Gulf of Tonkin. On August 2, 1964, the destroyer USS Maddox, while performing a DESOTO patrol, was engaged by three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats of the 135th Torpedo Squadron.[1] A sea battle resulted, in which the Maddox expended over 280 3" and 5" shells, and which involved the strafing from four USN F-8 Crusader jet fighter bombers. One US aircraft was damaged, one 14.5mm round hit the destroyer, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats were damaged, and four North Vietnamese sailors were killed and six were wounded; there were no U.S. casualties.[5]

The second Tonkin Gulf incident was originally claimed by the U.S. National Security Agency to have occurred on August 4, 1964, as another sea battle, but instead may have involved "Tonkin Ghosts",[6] and not actual NVN torpedo boat attacks.
Golf of tonkin resolution: The outcome of these two incidents was the passage by Congress of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted President Lyndon B. Johnson the authority to assist any Southeast Asian country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by "communist aggression". The resolution served as Johnson's legal justification for deploying U.S. conventional forces and the commencement of open warfare against North Vietnam.
attrition: the military strategy of wearing down the enemy by continual losses in personnel and material
Loss of personnel by Withdrawal (military)
Henry Kissenger: set up Nixxon apprach attrition strtegy
West Moreland: Shortly after his arrival, Westmoreland was made permanent commander of MACV and given command of all US forces in Vietnam. Commanding 16,000 men in 1964, Westmoreland oversaw the escalation of the conflict and had 535,000 troops under his control when he departed in 1968. Employing an aggressive strategy of search and destroy, he sought to draw the forces of the Viet Cong (National Liberation Front) into the open where they could be eliminated. Westmoreland believed that the Viet Cong could be defeated through large-scale use of artillery, air power, and large-unit battles.
Paris Peace accord: The Paris Peace Accords of 1973 intended to establish peace in Vietnam and an end to the Vietnam War, ended direct U.S. military involvement, and temporarily stopped the fighting between North and South Vietnam. The governments of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam), the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam), and the United States, as well as the Provisional Revolutionary Government (PRG) that represented indigenous South Vietnamese revolutionaries, signed the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam on January 27, 1973
Operation frequent wind: Operation Frequent Wind was the evacuation by helicopter of American civilians and 'at-risk' Vietnamese from Saigon, South Vietnam, on 29â€“30 April 1975 during the last days of the Vietnam War. More than 7,000 people were evacuated from various points in Saigon, and the airlift left a number of enduring images

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