busn ethics chapter 2
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
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Consequentialist Theories
focus is on ____
- consequences
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Utilitarianism (Teleological Theory) comes from Teleos (Greek)meaning ___
- End
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in Utilitarianism “The ends____"
- justify the means.⬝
- the obligation of Utilitarianism is to?
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perform the action that will result in the greatest possible balance of good over evil.
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Primary Proponents of Utilitarianism
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Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832) & John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873)
- examples of Utilitarianism ?
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Lying creates false beliefs—this might result in someone making a disadvantageous choice (in this case lying is bad!)
What about telling a husband with murderous intentions where his cheating wife is?
- 4 distinct theories of Utilitarianism?
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Consequentialism
Hedonism
Maximalism
Universalism -
– rightness of actions is determined solely by the consequences (ends)
- Consequentialism
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– maximize pleasure over pain {greatest balance}
- Hedonism
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– the greatest amount of good consequences {choose the path with the greatest balance of good over bad}
- Maximalism
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– consider the consequences to everyone alike (not just consequences to you, your family, your friends, etc.)
- Universalism
- example of universalism?
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Toxic waste dump
- approach of Utilitarianism
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Identify alternative actions & their consequences (laid off)
Best decision yields the greatest net benefit
Worst decision yields greatest net harms
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Problems with Utilitarianism
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How do you measure pleasure?
Should you try to measure utility (balance of pleasure over pain?) Ford Pinto example. The rights of minorities can be sacrificed
Should we enslave 2% of the population to serve the needs of the other 98%?)
- Deontological Theory comes from the word deon which means?
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Duty
- Deontological focuses on
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Focus on duties, obligations, & principles
- the saying for Deontological theory is that "the means___.."
- the means matter
- Deontological Theory examples
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Examples: Lying, bribery, theft, etc. are wrong regardless of the consequences!
- Deontological Theory decisions are based on
- abstract universal principles
- dw ross 7 duties?
- fidelity , reparation, gratitude, justice, beneficence , self-improvement , non-maleficence
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what duty is to keep promises (explicit/implicit); to tell the truth
- Duties of fidelity –
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what duty is to compensate people who were wrongfully injured
- Duties of reparation
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what duty is to return favors that others do for us
- Duties of gratitude
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what duty is – to ensure goods are distributed according to merit
- Duties of justice
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what duty is to do what we can to improve the condition of others
- Duties of beneficence –
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what duty is with respect to virtue & intelligence
- Duties of self-improvement
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what duty is – to avoid injury to others
- Duties of non-maleficence
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Deontology example
Person A donates to alleviate suffering.
Person B wants to impress others with his generosity. - Deontology focuses on doing what is right for the right reasons!
- utilitarianism uses alternatives when dealing with ehthical decisions such as
- path and and path band which has the best benefit
- in regards to Deontology, What should you do if the rules/duties conflict?
- pick more important duty
- when making rules you don’t know your “station†in life
- Veil of Ignorance⬝
- with vitrue ehtics the focus is on...
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integrity and Focus on the integrity of the moral actor rather than the act
- 8 Steps to Sound Ethical Decision Making
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Gather the facts/Define the ethical issues/Identify the affected parties/Identify the consequences (long & short-term; consequences of secrecy)/Identify the obligations /Consider your character & integrity/Think creatively about potential actions/Check your gut
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When you’re asked to make a snap decision:
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Pay attention to your gut
Ask for more time
Find out about organizational policy
Ask your manager or peers for advice
Use The New York Times test