prospective memory
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- problems with earlier studies on prospective memory:
- inability to manipulate or control retrieval contexts made it difficult to evaluate theoretical positions.
- What kind of retrospective (episodic) memory tests do PM tests most resemble? How?
- event-based PM tasks closely resemble standard cued-recall retrospective-memory tasks that we often study in the laboratory.For cued recall, participants must associate target items with cue words and, at some point later, recall the target words when they are presented with the cues
- what is teh difference btw pm task and cued recall task?
- An important difference, however, is that in laboratory tests of cued recall, at some point recollection of the target item is stimulated by an external request to remember (i.e., the experimenter puts the participant in a retrieval mode).recall, at some point recollection of the target item is stimulated by an external request to remember (i.e., the experimenter puts the participant in a retrieval mode).In contrast, in the typical PM situation, there is no external request by the experimenter to initiate a retrieval search when participants see ‘‘rake.
- Monitoring Critical assumption: Support for this view:
- a critical assumption is that attentional and/or working-memory capacity is devoted to evaluating environmental events for the target The clearest and strongest proponent of this view (Smith, 2003) argues that this is the only means by which prospective memories can be retrieved. In her studies, participants were about 300 ms slower when performing a lexical- decision task (deciding whether or not a string of letters forms a word) when they also had a PM demand than they were when they had no PM demand, thereby suggesting that participants expended resources for monitoring the letter strings for the PM targets
- Why would relying only on monitoring processes be maladaptive?
- Given that the delays between forming intentions and the opportunities to execute them are often substantial, it would be maladaptive to rely exclusively on a capacity-consuming monitoring process that necessarily interferes with full processing of ongoing activities during the retention interval
- what is the multi process view?
- according to the multiprocess view, the cognitive system exploits several processes, including spontaneous ones, to accomplish PM retrieval
- what is the reflexive associative theory?
- According to this theory, when forming an intention for an event-based task, people create an association between the target cue and the intended action. Later, when the target event occurs, an automatic associative-memory system triggers retrieval of the intended action and delivers it into awareness. This is an associative system that processes information specifically for the purpose of associative encoding and retrieval. Regardless of whether a person is thinking about the PM intention at the time that the target event occurs, if the cue is fully processed and the association between the cue and action is sufficiently strong, then the occurrence of the cue will reflexively trigger the retrieval of the intended action.