Animab Beh. Exam 2
Terms
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- Instinctive behavior
- a behavior that is fully functional first time it is performed
- "Why questions" Driven by genetics or evolutionary processes (survival, passing of genes)
- Ultimate factors
- "How questions" driven by the brain or endocrine system (how lion stalks/preening behavior in birds)
- Proximate factors
- begging call
- Instinctive e.g. The galah wants to be fed by poster parent
- alarm calls
- instinctive Sounds made by galah when frightened
- contact calls
- learned Used to maintain contact w/ members of the flock
- flight pattern
- learned
- feeding preferences
- learned
- FAP & Releaser
- Consistent in length and appearance. Once started, is difficult to stop
- Fixed Action Pattern (FAP)
- instinctive behavior that runs to completion and is activated by a sensory cue
- Sign Stimulus
- the cue that triggers the FAP SS: beak tapping FAP: parent feeds
- code-breakers
- certain species that exploit the FAP of another species by performing the stimulus or cue
- super normal stimulus
- a code breaking species exaggerates the sign stimulus = more effective than original
- Melanophore (MSH)
- Stimulating hormone made in the pituitary that directs the nervous system Affects the pattern and concentration of color cells (Chromatophores)
- Biochromes
- Pigment contained within chromatophore
- Chromatophore
- black, red, brown, yellow or orange
- Leucophores
- white spots (cells) scatter and refract light, giving the ability to blend into environment
- serotonin
- 12-15 muscles nerves control distribution of pigment mediated by ________
- Androstenedione
- Hormone responsible for enlarged clitoris in female spotted hyenas. (Exposed to in womb)
- Sexual Hermaphroditism (Sex Reversals)
- Male wrass keeps females from becoming males. Once he dies the biggest female becomes male and takes over.
- Organizational/Activation Hypothesis
- Suggest reasons why there are differences in behavior between male and female
- Organizational
- critical time periods of early development, hormones organize the nervous system
- Activational
- Exposure to sex hormones in adulthood activates the nervous system
- Stereotypical Behaviors
- primed during development (organized) and activated later in life = Organiational Activation Hypothesis
- Free Martins
- Cows, sheeps, goats and pigs share a placenta. Sterile female with twin brother