us hist section 1 progressivism pg. 306
Terms
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- Progressive Movement
- Reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life
- Four goals of the progressive movement:
- Protect social welfare, promote moral improvement, create economic reform, foster efficiency
- Florence Kelly
- An advocate for improving the lives of women and children. Appointed chief inspector of factories for Illionois after she had helped to win passage of the Illinois Factory Act 1893, which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours
- Examples of organizations that worked for reform in social welfare:
- Social Gospel and settlement house movement, YMCA, Salvation Army
- Prohibition
- the banning of alcoholic beverages
- Examples of moral reform:
- Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) & The Anti-Saloon League
- Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)
- Feared that alcohol undermined American morals. Entered saloons singing, prarying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol. Became the largest women's group in nation's history after Frances Williard. "Do everything" slogan.
- What did WCTU later end up doing after Frances Williard transformed it from a small midwest religious group in 1879 to a national organization?
- Opened kindergartens for immigrants, visited inmates in prison and asylums, worked for suffrage. Their reform activities provided women with expanded public roles, which they used to justify giving women voting rights.
- Why did the prohibition groups (Anti Saloon League) lead to trouble with immigrants?
- Immigrants had usual customs of consuming alcohol, and for some, saloons cashed their paychecks and served meals.
- As a result of the 1893 economic panic, Americans questioned the capitalist economic system and turned to ____
- socialism
- Eugene V. Debs
- Helped organize the American Socialist Party in 1901; Commented on uneven balance among big businesses, government, and ordinary people under the fre-market system of capitalism.
- muckrakers
- Journalists who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life in mass circulation magazines during the 20th century
- Louis D. Brandeis
- Defended an Oregon law that limited women factory and laundary workers to a ten-hour day. Didn't use legal argument but instead focused on "Brandeis brief"
- "Brandeis Brief"
- Focusing on data produced by social scientists documenting the high costs of long working hours for both the individual and the society. Becomes a model for later reform litigation.
- Frederick Winslow Taylor
- Began using time and motion studies to improve efficiency by breaking manufacturing tasks into simpler parts = "Taylorism" = scientific management studies = assembly line
- Scientific management
- The application of scientific principles to increase efficiency in the workplace
- Henry Ford
- Reduced the workday to eight hours and paid workers five dollars a day to prevent strikes and keep automobile workers happy.
- Examples of economic reform:
- Eugene V. Debs commented on the uneven balance of power, Ida Tarbell exposed the shady practices of Rockefeller, Louis D. Brandeis made the Brandeis brief, and Taylor created scientific management studies for efficiency (assembly line)
- How did a natural disaster reform Galveston, Texas?
- Hurricane & tidal wave: Politicans in the city council did so bad fixing it that the Texas legislature appointed a 5 member commission of experts. Each expert took charge of a different city department. Success prompt city to adopt commission idea as form
- How did a natural disaster reform Dayton, Ohio?
- Flood: led to widespread adoption of the council-manager form of govt (People elect a city council to make laws, the council appoints a manager to run the city's departments).
- Hazen Pingree of Detriot, Michigan & Tom Johnson of Cleveland, Ohio
- Introduced progressive reforms without changing how government was organized.
- Pingree
- Instituted a fairer tax structure, lowered fares for public transportation, rooted out corruption, and set up a system of work relief for the unemployed.
- Johnson
- One of 19 socialist mayors who worked to institute progressive reforms in America's cities. Focused on dismissing corrupt and greedy private owners of utilities and converting the utilities to pubicly owned enterprises. Believed that citizens should play
- Robert M. La Follette
- Under his leadership, Wisconsin led the way in regulating big business. "Fighting Bob" Meant to drive out big corporations of politics and then treat them equally with the rest. Major target = railroad industry.
- National Child Labor Committee
- 1904: sent investigators to gather evidence of children working in harsh conditions. Made exhibitions with photos and stats to dramatize the kids' plight. Pressured the Keating-Owen Act 1916, and ban child labor and set max hours
- Keating-Owen Act 1916
- Prohibited the transportation across state lines of goods prodcued with child labor. Declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court 2 years later b/c of interference with states' rights to regulate labor.
- Muller v. Oregon
- Brandeis argued that poor working women were much more economically insecure than large corporations. Convinced the Court to uphold an Oregon law limiting women to a ten-hour workday.
- Bunting v. Oregon 1917
- (with Brandeis) persuaded the Court to uphold a ten hour workday for men.
- Progressives also succeeded in winning workers' compensation to aid families of workers who were hurt or killed on the job. Begining with _____ in 1902, one state after another passed legislation requiring benefits.
- Maryland
- William S. U'Ren
- Prompted Oregon to adopt the secret ballot (Australian ballot), the initiative, the referendum, and the recall.
- Initiative
- A bill made by the people rather than the lawmakers
- Referendum
- A vote on the initiative where voters (not legislature) accepted or rejected the initative
- Recall
- Enable voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it
- In 1899, Minnesota passed the first mandatory statewide primary system, which ____
- enabled voters, instead of political machines, to choose candidates for public office through a special popular election.
- 17th Amendment
- (path paved by the success of the direct primary). Popular election of senators