acid-base and electrolytes
Terms
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- What is hydrostatic pressure?
- Mechanical pressure of water on the cellular membrane
- What is net filtration?
- Movement of fluid across the capillary wall from high to low pressure.
- What is the net filtration equation?
- Net filtration= (forces favoring filtration)-(forces opposing filtration)
- What is tonicity?
- Change in concentration of electrolytes in relation to water
- To evaluate and treat dehydration you should:
- draw labs, check urine, check ABG(arterial blood gas), and treat the cause
- Water deficit is usually caused by:
- water or sodium loss
- When a person is dehydrated the____ is more concentrated.
- urine
- When a person is dehydrated they____ less.
- urinate
- When a person is dehydrated they cannot:
- cry or sweat
- When a person is dehydrated they become____ because there is no fluid in the GI tract.
- constipated
- When a person is dehydrated their____ appear sunken.
- eyes
- The 6 clinical manifestations of dehydration are:
- tachycardia, weaker pulse, dizziness, less prominent neck veins, confusion, coma
- Normal pH is:
- 7.35-7.45
- The____ the H+ the more acidic.
- higher
- The____ the H+ the lower the pH.
- higher
- A pH of less than 7.35 is considered:
- acidic
- A pH of greater than 7.45 is considered:
- basic
- ___,___, and___ are the major organs involved in regulation of acid-base balance.
- lungs, kidneys and bone
- The___ system does not act as rapidly as the___ system. But the two together are very effective b/c acid concentration can be adjusted rapidly by the___, and bicarbonate is easily reabsorbed or regenerated by the___.
-
renal
lungs
lungs
kidneys - Buffering systems, lungs and kidneys all try to:
- compensate by working together to change pH back to 7.
- Buffering systems absorb, bind, or release___ in accordance with the pH.
- H+/OH-
- ___ hemoglobin is a better protein buffer than___ hemoglobin because it is saturated with oxygen.
-
unsaturated/venous blood
arterial blood - ___ is an excellent protein buffer because of its ability to bind with H+.
- hemoglobin
- What is renal buffering?
- the distal tubule regulates acid-base balance by secreting H+ into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate
- ABG's (arterial blood gas) tell you:
- whether the regulatory mechanisms of the lungs and kidneys are successfully maintaining proper pH.
- Respirations effect on pH is indicated by the:
- PaCO2 (partial pressure of carbon dioxide) level
- Filtration
- pushing fluid into interstitial space from higher pressure to lower pressure
- The forces opposing filtration:
- capillary oncotic pressure and interstitial hydrostatic pressure
- The normal concentration of chloride
- 98-106 mEq/L
- The normal concentration of sodium
- 136-145 mEq/L
- The ICF has twice as much volume as the ECF because:
- The ICF has twice as much solute
- Interstitial fluid compartments(12)are located in:
- lymph, synovial joints, intestines, biliary, pancreatic, cerebralspinal, sweat, urine, plural, pericardial, peritoneal, and interocular
- The main ECF anion:
- chloride
- The normal concentration of potassium
- 3.5-5 mEq/L
- Normal systolic blood pressure
- 90-140
- In the capillary beds to systolic blood pressure reduces to:
- 25-30 mmHg
- Intravascular fluid compartments:
- fluid in the blood compartment (atrery, vein)
- Osmolality controls:
- distribution and movement of water between body compartments
- Osmolality is the measure of the number of milliosmoles per___ or the concentration of molecules per___ of water.
-
kilogram of water
weight - Osmolarity is the measure of the number of milliosmoles per___ or the concentration of molecules per___ of solution.
-
liter of solution
volume - Osmosis
- the movement of water down a concentration gradient, across a semipermeable membrane, from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.
- Osmolarity is the measurement that takes into account:
- water and its displacment when molecules are added.
- Oncotic pressure
- pressure created by large molecules such as plasma proteins that cannot penetrate the membrane and pulls water towards the particles
- Hypotonic pulls water___ cell. If too much then the cell may___.
-
into
burst - Hypotonic solutions are given for___.
- dehydration
- Examples of a hypotonic soulution given for dehydration:
-
water
half normal saline (0.45% NaCl) - Hypertonic pulls water___ cell. If too much then the cell may___.
-
out of
shrink - Hypertonic solutions are given for___.
- dyalisis
- The symptoms of dehydration show up when ___% of water is lost.
- 2
- Protein buffering
- Hemoglobin can bind with either H+ or OH-, espically venous hemoglobin that has given up an oxygen
- Normal PaCO2 level
- 35-45 mmHg
- PaCO2 above 45 mmHg results in:
- acidosis
- PaCO2 below 35 mmHg results in:
- alkalosis
- Normal HCO3 level
- 22-26 mEq/L
- HCO3 below 22 mEq/L results in:
- acidosis
- HCO3 above 26 mEq/L results in:
- alkalosis
- The body's acid-base balance/ the hydrogen ion concentration of ECF is indicated by:
- pH
- Carbon dioxide reacts with water to become___.
- acidic
- Cabon dioxide___ when respiration is impaired.
- accumulates
- Carbon dioxide is___ in hyperventelation.
- depleted
- A___ value of PaCO2 denotes respiratory alkalosis.
- lower
- A___ value of PaCO2 denotes respiratory acidosis.
- higher
- Metabolic influences on pH are reflected in the level of:
- alkali bicarbonate (HCO3)
- A___ value of HCO3 denotes metabolic acidosis.
- lower
- A___ value of HCO3 denotes metabolic alkalosis.
- higher