BioChemistry Ch 1
Terms
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- Acid
- substances that liberate H+ ions when dissolved in water; pH less than 1 - 6.99
- Anion
- negatively charged ion
- Atomic Mass
- protons + neutrons
- atoms
- the smallest particle of an element that can exist either alone or in combination
- base
- substance that accepts H+ ions, removing them from the water solution. pH 7.1 - 14
- cations
- positively charged ion
- chemical bonds
- forces that hold atoms together, formed by shared electrons
- covalent bond
- chemical bond formed by atoms sharing a pair of electrons
- double bond
- formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons
- electron
- negatively charged particle of an atom that moves wildly around the nucleus at nearly the speed of light
- elements
- over 100 fundamental substances that consist of atoms of one kind and that singly or in combination constitute all matter
- heat of fusion
- amount of heat energy required to be removed to form solid (ice)
- heat of vaporization
- amount of heat required to change to gas (vapor)
- hybrid orbitals
- formed in C,N and O when these elements form covalent bonds; form tetrahedral shape
- hydrogen bonding
- weak interactions between the partially positively charged H and partially negatively charged N or O
- hydrophilic
-
"water loving" molecule/compound that dissolve readily in water
Ex.: NaCl - hydrophobic
-
"water hating" molecule/compound that do not dissolve in water
Ex.: fat - ion
- charged atom
- ionic bonds
- an attraction between oppositely charged particles that are near each other
- isotope
- atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei; may be radioactive
- molecules
- two or more atoms, of the same or different elements, joined together
- neutron
- particle with no charge in the nucleus of an atom
- orbital
- a relatively defined space within an electron cloud where up to two electrons reside; several orbitals make up the quantum or energy level
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pH
pH scale -
measure of acidity: 1/ log of H+ concentration
1 - 6.9 acid, 7.1 - 14 basic - polar molecules
- molecules with partial positive and partial negative portions
- proton
- positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
- fxn of water's specific heat
- water's high specific heat keeps the temperature of the water from fluctuating wildly with environmental changes
- tetrahedral carbon
- a carbon with orbitals equidistant from one another that point toward the corners of a tetrahedron