Chapter 27
Terms
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- Operation Overlord
- Led by Eisenhower, it was the land-sea-air assualt on France in 1944
- Battle of Britain 1940
- the Germans sought to terror-bomb, and U-boats, the British into submission
- Office of Censorship
- In 1941 FDR established it to examine all letters going overseas and worked with publishers and broadcasters to suppress info that might damage the war effort
- War Production Board
- During WWII, FDR established it to allocated scarce materials, limited or stopped the production of civilian goods, and distributed contracts among competing manufacturers
- John L. Lewis
- Head of the United Mine Workers, he led more than half a million coal workers out of work 3 times in 2 months
- Office of War Mobilization
- James F. Brynes was the head of. It exercised control over all aspects of the economy
- Revenue Act 1942
- raised the top income-tax rate from 60 to 90% and added middle and lower income groups to the tax rolls for the first time. In 1943, Congress introduced the payroll-deduction system to withhold income taxes from wages and salaries
- Potsdam Declaration
- Truman warned Japan that if they did not surrender an atomic bomb would be dropped . Japan rejected the declaration and a bomb was dropped in Hiroshima, Stalin declared war on Japan, and then another bomb was dropped in Nagasaki
- Smith v. Allwright 1944
- The Supreme Courth ruled that Texa's all-white primary was unconstitutional
- Henry Wallace
- FDR's running mate in the election of 1940. He was the Secretary of Agriculture
- Admiral Chester Nimitz
- He decoded Japanese naval codes, planning to knock out the American fleet, but he knew the plans and locations of the Japanese ships.
- Servicemen's Readjustment Act 1944
- Also known as the GI Bill of Rights, it provided living allowances , tuition fees, and supplies to veterans pursuing their ambitions with that money, most paid for their education
- Atlantic Charter
- FDR and Chuchill meeting that stated that condemned aggression, affirmed national self-determination, and endorsed the principles of collective security and disarmament.
- Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act 1943
- Passed over FDR's veto, it limited workers' right to strike in any facility deemed essential to the war effort and empowered the P to seize and operate the plant
- Frank Knox
- Appointed by FDR as secretary of the navy (Landon's running mate)
- lend-lease bill
- Aproved by Congress in 1941, this bill allowed the US to lend supplies to the Allies
- Executive Order 8802
- In 1941 FDR passed it which prohibited discriminatory employment practices by fed agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war related work. It established the Fair Employment Practices Commission to enforce the new policy.
- Tripartite Pact
- Signed between the Axis powers in 1940 (Italy, Germany and Japan) where they pledged to help the others in the event of an attack by the US
- Henry L. Stimson
- Appointed by FDR as secretary of war
- Josip Broz Tito
- Assited by the USSR in 1944, he led guerillas to liberate Yugoslavia.
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- Founded in 1942, this new civil-rights organization advanced the strategy of nonviolent resistance to challenge Jim Crow
- Battle of Stalingrad
- Soviet and German armies fought this war. The Red Army (Russia) was victorious and saved Stalingrad
- Winston Churchill
- Britain's new prime minister during WWII who pleaded for US aid
- The Joint Chiefs of Staff
- William D. Leahy was chief of the staff that was made up of representatives of the army, navy and the army air force
- J. Robert Oppenheimer
- the Manhattan Project's scientific director
- Battle of the Coral Sea
- A battle between Japanese and American naval forces that stopped the Japanese advance on Australia.
- cost-plus-fixed-fee contracts
- • To encourage business to convert to war production, the govn't guaranteed profits through this system which gave generous tax write-offs and suspension of antitrust prosecutions
- Yalta Conference
- FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War
- V-E day
- Americans celebrated after German government surrendered on May 8
- The Office of Price Administration
- During WWII, it imposed strict price controls to check inflation as more and more personal income pursued fewer consumer goods
- National War Labor Board
- During WWII it mediated disputes between management and laborers to prevent strikes
- War Manpower Commission
- During WWII, it supervised the mobilization of men and women for the military, war industry, and agriculture
- Election of 1944
- FDR won the renomination and Harry S. Truman became Vice President.
- August 14, 1945
- President Harry S Truman's announcement of the Japanese surrender.
- Office of War Information
- Created by FDR in 1942. Headed by Elmer Davis, a radio news commentator. Employed many people to explain the war and to counter enemy propaganda.
- War Powers Act
- After the attack on Pearl Harbor, Congress passed it, granting the President unprecedented authority
- War Refugee Board
- Assisted in the rescue and relocation of those condemned to the death camps
- National Defense Research Committee
- Committee made before the war by FDR that organized scientists for a weapons race against the Axis.
- A. Philip Randolph
- president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. Organized the March-on-Washington in 1942 to protest racial descrimination and warned FDR that if he didn't end discrimination in the armed services, African-Americans would besiege Washington
- Korematsu v. US 1944
- The Supreme Court found the evacutation of all the Japanese in the West Coast into relocation camps in 1944
- Postdamn Conference
- President Truman, Churchill and Stalin met to complete the postwar arrangements started at the Yalta Conference but the leaders could not agree on anything
- Office of Scientific Research and Development
- In 1941 it was made as the contracting agency for the development of new ordnance and medicines. It improved radar and sonar devices, rocket weapons and proximity fuses for mines and artillery shells, the development of jet aircraft, pressurized cabins for pilots, and high altitude bombsights
- the Women's Army Corps (WAC)
- more than 350,000 women served in WWII
- James F. Byrnes
- He was asked by FDR to leave the Supreme Court and become "assistan president" of America's domestic war effort. He was to increase the coordination of and cooperation between the many govn't agencies and representatives of industry and the military involved in carrying out the war effort
- The Navy's V-12 and the army's specialized-training programs
- Sent nearly a million servicemen to college campuses during the war to acquire skills in engineering, foreign languages, economics and sciences.
- George C. Marshall
- In 1942, this army chief of staff, proposed an invasion of France that would force Hitler to transfer troops to the West and thus lessen the pressure on the Red armies
- National Congress of American Indians
- Native Americans passed it To mobilize against the campaign to end all reservations and trust protections
- Wendell L. Willkie
- The Rep nominee during the election of 1940. Was supported by those in the corporate world
- Henry J. Kaiser
- He had supervised the constrution of Boulder Dam and reduced the prodution time to less than two weeks instead of 6 months and then to one ship a day
- Manhattan Engineering District
- the code name given to the atomic research project
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- He was in command the the Operating Torch. An Allied army of Americans and British surrounded the Germans in Tunisia in 1943 where they surrendered. In 1944, he was chosen supreme allied commander in Europe for the "second front"
- Office of Strategic Services
- The The Joint Chiefs of Staff created it to conduct espionage, analyze the enemy's strengths and weaknesses, and gather the intelligence information required for strategic planning during WWII
- Douglas MacArthur
- He defended the Philipines and during WWII he led the army from Australia to defeat Japanese
- December 7, 1941
- Japanese attack on the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, that brought the US into the war