Descriptive Grammar Flashcards
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- what does a verb's TENSE involve?
- formal marking that locates predication with respect to moment of speaking
- What are the three tenses in English?
- past, present, future (paraphrastic).
- What does the ASPECT of a verb entail?
- the way in which the predication is regarded or experienced with regard to time in general.
- what are the three aspects of the english verb?
- perfect, progressive, simple
- what inflectional form does the Progressive aspect take?
- -ing participle (present)
- what semantics are associated with the Progressive aspect?
- event regarded as ongoing and incomplete
- What is the inflectional form of the Perfect aspect?
- -ed/-en participle (past participle)
- what are the semantics of the Perfect aspect?
- event regarded as complete (but many complications)
- What is the inflectional form of the Simple aspect?
- no inflectional marking
- what are the semantics of the simple aspect?
- no specification...punctual intepretation common.
- what is the semantic quality of inchoation? (regarded aspect)
-
transition of event from some nul state:
the student BECAME upset. - What is the lexical aspect of the English verb?
- aspectual distinctions within the semantics of the individual verbs themselves.
- What is the difference between stative and dynamic verbs (as it pertains to the lexical aspect)?
- stative verbs express a state of affiars while dynamic verbs express an action or change in the world.
- What is the difference between punctual and durative verbs (as it related to the lexical aspect)?
-
punctual verbs do not last in time, while durative verbs convey actions that last in some span of time:
hit, cough, hammer vs.
sleep, walk, think - What is the difference between telic and atelic verbs as it relates to lexical aspect)?
- telic verbs have a built in terminal point which atelic verbs lack.
- What are the primary auxiliary verbs?
- Do, Be, Have
- What are the modal auxiliary verbs (as opposed to the primary)?
- can, may, should, could, can, must, might, would, will
- What do Epistemic, modal auxiliaries convey?
- possibility, probablility, necessity.
- What do Deontic, modal auxiliaries convey?
- permission, obligation.
- What are the 5 forms of the lexical verb?
- Base, -s form, present part. (ing), past, past part. (ed).
- How do you distinguish Finite verbs from Non-finite?
- Finite verbs are inflected for tense, number agreement, and/or mood.
- What are anaphoric pronouns?
- pronouns which point back to their referential NP's.
- What are cataphoric pronouns?
- pronouns which point forward to their referential NP's (less common).
- List the 10 pronounc types
- subject, object, possesive, interrogative, demonstrative, relative, universal, reflexive, partitive, predicative.
- What separates pronouns from their determinative counterparts?
- pronouns substitute for a NP, determiners modify them. (*except possessive pronouns)
- What are the three sets of partitive pronouns?
- assertive, non-assertive, negative.
- what distinguishes non-assertive partitive pronouns from the assertive
- non-assertive partitives used when Sentence is interrogative or conditional.
- What is the case of a noun?
- a marking that indicates its function in the clause.
- how many cases does English have?
- common (unmarked) and genitive (possession usually)
- what are the two forms of the genitive?
- inflected (-'s genitive) and the paraphrastic (of - genitive)
- what are the 8 semantic categories of the genitive?
- subject, object, possessive, genitive of origin, descriptive, partitive, genitive of attribute, appostive.
- How are adverbials realized structurally?
- adverb phrases, NP's, PP's, clauses with finite or non-finite verbs, verbless clauses. basically everything.
- What separates the class of adverbials known as adjuncts from the adverbial classes of conjuncts and disjuncts?
- asjuncts are more highly integrated. adjuncts work in the negative declarative. adjuncts allow negative focus/W/H questions substitute well for adjuncts.
- what separates conjuncts from disjuncts?
- dijuncts articulate some relation between speaker and clause. conjucts link clauses.
- what are the two classes of disjuncts?
- style (conditions of saying, comment on form) and attitude (speaker's comments on content of clause).
- what do focusing adjuncts do?
- limit or restrict what is said in the main clause.
- what do process adjuncts do?
- convey manner, means, or the instrument with which an action is done.
- what are the different sorts of intensifier adjuncts?
- emphasizers, amplifiers, downtoners.
- what is the difference between amplifying and emphasizing adjuncts?
- emphasizers push up the scale of what you know about the action conveyed while amplifiers simply boost the predication. emphasizers are needed to obtain more meaning.
- what are the possible misc. adjuncts?
- purpose or source
- what are the three possible time adjuncts?
- point, duration, and frequency