HIV and Vaccine Development
Terms
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- HIV-1 is phylogenetically divided into three groups. What are they? Which is the most prevelant?
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1. M - most prevelant
2. N
3. O - Where is HIV-2 mainly seen? What is different about the course of the disease in HIV-2?
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1. West Africa
2. Progression to AIDS takes 30 years - What is unique about SIVs in their original African hosts?
- They do not cause disease, but they do cause disease if they are transferred to non- African apes.
- When was AIDS orginally in the US?
- 1969
- When is the estimated first infection of HIV?
- 1930 +/- 10 years
- What is the cross-species jump of infectious agents from animals to humans called?
- Zoonosis
- What is one theory of how HIV disease was introduced to Africa?
- Polio vaccines given to Africans that were contaminated with SIV.
- What was one virus that showed up in the polio vaccines?
- SV40
- What must a cell express to be infected with HIV?
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1. CD4
2. CCR5 or CXCR4 - What is the function of CD4 in the infective process of HIV?
- CD4 opens the envelope of the virus
- What is the preferential cell type for replication of HIV?
- Activated memory CD4+ T cells in GALT
- During the first three weeks of infection HIV primaryly replicates where?
- GALT
- How long does the acute phase in HIV last?
- 1-2 months
- When does the AIDS Related Complex stage occur?
- CD4+ T Cell count drops below 500
- At what point do normally controlled viruses start causing infections in AIDS?
- Below 200
- What is the most frequently done correlate of HIV disease?
- CD4+ T Cell Count
- What is in the HAART cocktail?
- Two different nucleoside analogues and a protease inhibitor.
- What is the new view of HIV pathogenesis?
- The damage done to your memory T cells during the first three weeks of infection determine how fast your disease will progress.
- What causes most of the death of CD4 T cells in HIV?
- Over stimulation due to the loss of T Regulatory cells. Cell lyses due due to viral infection is very uncommon.
- What are two different methods of viral escape?
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1. Escape by changing the epitope that viral antibodies bind to.
2. Escape by changing the glycan shield that causes steric hinderance of the viral epitope that antibodies bind to. - What is intra-host HIV evolution driven by?
- Continual immune-driven selection.
- How many new virions are produced in an untreated individual daily?
- 10^10 to 10^12
- What are three strategies for HIV vaccines?
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1. Induce cellular immunity
2. Induce humoral immunity
3. Induce mucosal immunity