History of Islam
Terms
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- Islam
- Religion
- Muslim
- "submission" someone who follows Islam
- Mecca
- Main center of trade
- Kabba
- Large stone building in Center of Mecca, Muhammad rededicates, part of the Hajj
- Yathrib/Medina
- In a family fued, wanted a 3rd party mediator, left in the Hijra, "city of the prophet"
- Hijra
- 622 CE
- Umma
- Community of believers, all = in God's eyes
- Ali
- M's son in law, married to fatima, Shi'it Ali thought he should be caliph, moved * to Kufa
- Karijites
- First sect in Islam, killed Ali
- Shi'at Ali
- Wanted Ali to be Caliph
- Abu Bakr
- First Caliph
- Fatima
- Married to Ali, M's duaghter, Egypt and Fatimids
- Umayyad clan
- Last family in Mecca to accept Islam
- Muawiya
- Govenor of Syria, $, wanted Ali to resign, first Umayyad Caliph
- Muslim Conquests
- establishment of social and religious order based on Quran
- Umayyad Caliphate
- * to damascus, Muawiya, 750 CE
- Karbala
- Husayn sees town waiting, party is killed, 10 Muharam 680
- Imam
- Leader that has "secret" understanding
- Abbasid Revolution
- Anti Umayyad, New dynasty, 750-1258 CE, converts, * Bagdad, slave soldiers
- Bagdad
- * during abassid revolution
- 1258 CE
- Mongols sack Bagdad, end of abassid caliphate
- Shariah
- Broad set of rules, constition, "way or path"
- Fiqh
- Law, actual rules and punishments, criminal code
- Quran
- "speech of God" Muhammads revalation
- Hadith
- "report" sayings and words of Muhammad, actions, compliled by Ulama
- Mahdi
- 12th Imam, Husayns decendant, sunni believe, but shi'it believe he is the 12th Imam
- 5 Pillars of Islam
-
1. Testifying
2. Prayer
3. Almsgiving
4. Fasting during ramadan
5. Pilgramage (hajj) - 6 Pillars of Faith
-
1. Unity of God
2. Angels
3. Prophets
4. Holy Books
5. Day of Judgement
6. Will of God - Arabic Science
- Islam was separate, written in arabic
- Shifr
- Zero (0)
- Place System
- 0, 1-9, arabic numerals
- Al-Khwarizmi
- Wrote Al-Jabr (book of algebra), Algarithm
- Al-Razi
- Physician, head of hospital in bagdad, just reason alone, clinical studies, medical encyclopedia
- Ibn Sina
- Docter and Philosopher, *neoplationism* conjunction
- Hasan Ibn al-Haytham
- Optics,based work on Euclid
- Science vs. Religion
- Seperate, not a threat
- Neoplatonism
- Plotinus, "forms" exist in God's mind
- Ibn Rushd
- Based on aristotle, books were burned, religion and reasoning
- Mutazilites
- Philosophers, Ulama, rationalists wanted to prove the Quran
- Nature of the Quran
- Eternal
- Al-Kindi
- Earliest muslim philosopher, R & R work together, we need them both
- Al-Ashari
- professor of Al-Gazali
- Al-Ghazali
- 3 brothers, limits of rationalism, started assault against mutazulites
- Utalitarian Art
- Useful art, rugs, furniture, plates, etc.
- Caligraphy
- Writing, arabic script, used in architecture
- Arabesue
- Repeating geometric patterns
- Willful Ambiguity
- Visual pun "optical illusion" never ending pattern
- Dhimmi
- Non-muslims, living under muslim rule, rights but not =, clothes to identify
- Al-Andalus
- Muslim arabic name for pennisula, (spain and portugal) "vandals"
- Reconquista
- process, Northern Christians against Southern Muslims, lead them out of Iberian Penn. 1050-1492
- Granada
- Kingdom, * of spain for muslims, last place to stand of reconquista, 1492
- Sack of Jerusalem
- by knights of first crusade, hostility of E and W
- Ottomans
- Dynasty, gunpowder
- 1453
- Ottomans began rule of constantinople
- Janissaries
- Elite of Ottoman army, slave soldiers
- Topkapi Palace
- Headquaters, sultan and family lived here
- Safavids
- dynasty, Empire in Iran, semi-divine, shi'i Islam as state religion
- Mughal Empire
- Dynasty, descended from Timur Lank, ruled much of India
- Akbar
- "for akbar, it was emperors, not saints who should run things," authority
- Southeast Asia
- Former elite groups remained in power but converted to Islam
- Achec
- First region of modern day Indonesia
- Silk Road
- Main artery of culural and religous diffusion, china, central asia, and ME, extensive network of trade and routes
- Revivalist movements
- 18th century
- Wahhabis
- earlier revival movement, converted family of Al-Saud
- Taliban
- "students"
- Al-Qaeda
- "the base"