ch 9 anthropology
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
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what is a system of communication using sounds and/or gestures that are put together according to certain rules, resulting in meanings that are intelligible to all who share that language?
- language
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what are sounds and gestures that have a natural or self-evident meaning?
- signals
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Through language, people in every society are able to share their experiences, concerns, and beliefs and to communicate these to who?
- the next generation
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Language makes ________ possible by employing a set of sounds or gestures that, when put together according to certain rules, result in meanings that are intelligible to fellow speakers.
- communication
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______ focuses on the production, transmission, and reception of speech sounds, or phonemes.
- phonetics
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_________ is concerned with the smallest units of meaningful combinations of sounds (morphemes).
- morphology
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________ studies the sound patterns of language in order to extract the rules that govern how sounds are combined.
- phonology
- _______ refers to the principles according to which phrases and sentences are built
- syntax
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The entire formal structure of a language, consisting of all observations about its _________ and __________, constitutes the grammar of a language.
- morphemes and syntax
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what is the patterns or rules for the formation of phrases and sentences in a language?
- syntax
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_______ _______ explains the features of a language at a particular time in its history.
- descriptive linguistics
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________ ________investigates relationships between earlier and later forms of the same language.
- historical linguistics
- Sociolinguists and ethnolinguists study language as it relates to _______ and _______.
- society and culture
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In ________ linguistics the language itself is unraveled by recording, describing, and analyzing all of its features.
- descriptive
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_______ linguistics is the study of how languages change over time.
- historical
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_______ _______ are groups of languages descended from a single ancestral language.
- language families
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_______ ________ is development of different languages from a single ancestral language.
- Linguistic divergence
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_________ linguists focus on
Language families and Linguistic divergence.
- Historical
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________ linguistics is the study of the relationship between language and society through examining how social categories influence the use and interpretation of distinctive styles of speech.
- sociolinguistics
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_________ linguistics focuses on language and gender issues and social dialects.
- Sociolinguistics
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_______ ________ is the attempt by ethnic minorities and even countries to proclaim independence by purging their language of foreign terms.
- Linguistic Nationalism
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One of the first in-depth studies in _____ asserted that neither language nor gender can be studied independently of the socially constructed communities in which we live.
- 1970
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what are varying forms of a language that reflect particular regions, occupations, or social classes and that are similar enough to be mutually intelligible?
- dialects
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_________ boundaries may be psychological, geographical, social, or economic.
- linguistic
- what is the study of the relationships between language and culture, and how they influence and inform each other
- ethnolinguistics
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Ethnolinguists may investigate how a language reflects the culturally significant aspects of a people’s traditional natural environment; this is known as linguistic _________.
- relativity
- what is the idea that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language alone?
- linguistic relativity
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what is the idea that language shapes the way we view and think about the world around us; sometimes called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis after its originators Edward Sapir and his student Benjamin Lee Whorf?
- linguistic determinism
- All languages are (sufficient/insufficient) in communicating certain kinds of information that people need to know in order to fully understand what is being said.
- insufficient
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Human language is embedded within a ______ _______ system similar to that which we share with nonhuman primates.
- gesture-call
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The various sounds and gestures of what system serve to “key†speech, providing listeners with the appropriate frame for interpreting what a speaker is saying?
- gesture call system
- The gesture component of the gesture-call system consists of facial expressions and bodily postures and motions that convey intended and subconscious messages. this is called?
- body language
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The method for notating and analyzing body language is known as ________.
- kinesics
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what is the cross-cultural study of humankind’s perception and use of space?
- proxemics
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Relevant spacing
________ = (0–18 inches)
- intimate
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Relevant spacing:
_______ _______= (1-1/2–4 feet)
- personal-casual
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Relevant spacing
_________ _______ (4–12 feet)
- social consultive
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Relevant spacing:
______ _____ (12 feet and beyond) - public distance
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what is the specific voice effects that accompany speech and contribute to communication?
- paralanguage
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what include vocalizations such as giggling, groaning, or sighing, as well as voice qualities such as pitch and tempo?
- paralanguage
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what language does about 70 percent of the world’s languages are tonal languages in which the distinctive sound pitches of spoken words are not only an essential part of their pronunciation but also key to their meaning?
- tonal language
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Mandarin Chinese is an example of what type of language?
- tonal language
- English is tonal/nontonal?
- nontonal
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Neanderthals had the neurological and anatomical features necessary for ______.
- speech
- Evidence that early stone tools were made primarily by _________ individuals supports the idea that right lateral specialization, necessary for speech, had occurred by this time.
- right-handed
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_______ _______ is embedded in the gesture-call system and involved the use of displacement.
- human language
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________ is referring to things and events removed in time and space.
- displacement
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While ________ is unique to human language, both humans and apes are capable.
- displacement
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what is a set of visible or tactile signs used to represent units of language in a systematic way?
- writing system
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The first actual writing systems was _______ hieroglyphics and cuneiform.
- Egyptian
- Egyptian writing developed about _______ years ago. Chinese tortoise shell symbols, currently being studied, may have been developed earlier.
- 5,000
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what is a series of symbols representing the sounds of a language arranged in a traditional order?
- alphabet
- what is the use of wedge-shaped imprints?
- cuneiform
- Cuneiform developed in _________ and was one of the earliest known forms of phonetic writing.
- Mesopotamia
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Today, nearly ________ adults worldwide cannot read or write.
- 800 million
- __________ children around the world are not enrolled in school.
- Seventy-five million