9th Egyptian unit
Terms
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- How does the nile flow
- Nile flows from south to north
- what is a delta
- Delta is a series of small branches of the Nile into the Mediterranean
- Upper and Lower egypt are
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Southern= Upper
Northern=Lower - definition of cataracts
- Cataracts- blocks the water in the Nile
- how did the people get to Egypt and how didn't they go to egypt
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-Tells that people didn’t come from the south to get to Egypt by the cataracts
-Came from Canaan (Jordan, Israel and Lebanon) -
Language is ...
define -
Language is partly Semitic and Hamitic
Semitic- Hebrew and Arabic
Northern Africa is Hamitic - why did people settle near the nile
- Bands of people lived near the Nile b/c North Africa got drier
- what did people write on if they were poor and wealthy
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-Most people used potsherds to write- called ostracon/ostraca
-papyrus was written on like paper - language was difficult or easy to learn and why
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-The language was difficult to learn and only scribes learned it
-Didn’t have an alphabet -
ancient scribes were (gender...)
where did they study -
-Were men and lived in the house of life
-Only for upperclassmen
-Per ankh- house of life - what are biliteral signs
- Biliteral signs-had two letters for a picture
- triliteral signs
- Triliteral signs- had three letters for a picture
- Phonetic Complements
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-Phonetic Complements- three character
- the first one stood for the first letter, -the two lined next to it stood for the other two letters - Determinatives
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-Determinatives- put after the sentences to determine what they mean;
-ex. a name with a man symbol after it means it’s a boy’s name -
Ideograms
what didn't they have... -
-Ideograms- the oldest signs that are just pictures meaning whole words
-Had no alphabet/vowels - Early Dynastic Period- 1st dynasty
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Early Dynastic Period- Dynasties 1 and 2 (3,100 BC)
-Started building pyramids- mastaba
-Killed wife and servants only in 1st dynasty when the king died but went willingly
-They would have a celebration, and pass out from drinks and then would die
-Narmer reunited the upper and lower egypt - Early Dynastic Period-2nd dynasty
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-had statues of the servants doing things and were smaller
-Thought that the Pharaoh could call on them in the afterlife - Old Kingdom- 3rd dynasty
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The Old Kingdom- Dynasties 3-6
-First built a pyramid by making mastabas on top of mastabas- called step pyramid
-Imhotep made it for Djoser
-MEMPHIS WAS THE CAPITAL (near Cairo) - Old Kingdom- 4th dynasty
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-Senefru built the first one too steep,
-second one was built like the first then changed angles,
-finally got it right
-(bent and red pyramid)
Wife Hetep-Heres tomb was robbed - Old Kingdom- 5th dynasty
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-Pyramids were smaller because Egypt becoming bankrupt
-And they deteriorated b/c not built as good - Old Kingdom- 6th dynasty
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-Pepi II ruled for 96 yrs, the longest rule
-Egypt started to fall apart
-Matrilineal society- things passed down through the inheritance - First intermediate period
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First Intermediate Period- Dynasties 7-10
-Decentralization- isn’t centralized
-Drought->no taxes-> cant give money to governors and they start to rule so pharaoh didn’t have power
-Became chiefdom from the drought and famine - who built the pyramids
- No slaves- farmers built them
- why did they build them
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-Three months period where the water rises and drowns the crops
-Pharaoh keeps some stored away, trade for food and working of the pyramids
-Totally dependent on the Pharaoh or else couldn't live - didn't make as many because...
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-Became very expensive-4th dynasty
-Had to feed farmers and skilled village people year round, caused them to be broke - who else built the pyramids
- -Found people that worked on the pyramid year round and were skillful
- the three people after they died
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BA- bird with the head of the person
KA- twin/double of the decease
SHU-shadow
Were not spirits - belief of death
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-No word for death
-Didn’t believe the soul left the body
-Did the same in an afterlife as you did on earth except forever - Preparation
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-important to preserve the body so when the ba, ka and shu left
-they knew which body was theirs when they came back
-Also put statutes in the tomb incase something happened to the body so they could animate them - how they mummified the bodies
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-Used a naturally occurring salt
-natron- to preserve the body; sucked out liquids
-Took out internal organs except the heart-called eviscerating - what was in the tombs
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-Had a false door made of stone for the bks to go through
-Showed a picture of them eating-thought words were magic- thought they would come to life
-Had an offering table with food - the ceremony before the burial
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-River and Canal brought the body down to the valley temple
-Had an opening of the mouth ceremony- priest dressed in an anubis(jackal), held ankh to the mouth so they could eat, speak and breath
-Then the passageway to the tomb was sealed -
the "cheat sheet"
where they were -
Book of the Dead- cheat sheets of how they would be judged
The cheat sheet was either written on the tomb walls or a piece of paper stuck with the mummy - judgement( w/monsters)
- Had to go through 12 gates, each had o monster that would ask them a question and if they didn’t answer it, they would be eaten
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hall of judgement
procedures -
-would take your heart and weigh it against the flower of truth
-weighed, could say something in your defense (cheat sheet) - characters that judged you
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-Osiris- god of the dead, looked like a vertebrate
-Thoth- god of writing, scribes, wisdom appeared as an ibris (bird with long beak) wrote down the judgement; pharaohs that died to be Osiris
-Anubis- god of mummification
-Maat- goddess of truth, seen with a feather, - final outcome
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-If heart was heavier, would be devoured by a crocodile shaped figure, but all
-paintings depicted that they were equal