NWRHS US History Ch 16 vocabulary
Terms
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- Warren G. Harding
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US President 1921-23; Republican in election of 1920; favored "a society of free nations" - rec'd support from those who wanted League and those who didn't - Republican landslide victory
Historians routinely categorize Harding as the worst President in US History, due to the incredibly corrupt nature of his Administration. - Calvin Coolidge
- US President 1923-29; Republican slogan "Keep Cool with Coolidge" (the way to keep business thriving was not to "rock the boat" but to keep in power the party that favored business)
- James M. Cox
- 1920 election - Democratic candidate, loyal Wilson supporter; favored entry into the League of Nations
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
- 1920 election - Democratic running mate of James Cox; former asst. Sec. of Navy and governor of New York
- "a return to normalcy"
- weary from fighting a world war and disillusioned by the failure of WilsonÂ’s plans to create a new world order, Americans sought stability - Warren G. Harding (R)'s campaign slogan
- reparations
- payments for war damages; to pay its reparations Germany obtained private bank loans from other countries - especially the USA
- Four Power Naval Treaty 1921
- signed by US, GB, France & Japan; agreed to respect one another's Pacific holdings AND agreed to submit disputes among themselves over Pacific issues to a conference for resolution
- Five-Power Naval Treaty
- US, GB, Japan, France & Italy agreed to freeze their navies at 1921 levels, no new naval construction in west Pacific, limited large warships, agreed on a series of rules for the use of submarines in future warfare and also outlawed the use of poisonous gases as a military weapon.
- Nine-Power Naval Treaty
- the Big Four + Italy, Belgium, Portugal, Netherlands, China -- endorsed the Open Door Policy and pledged mutual respect for Chinese territorial integrity and independence; they agreed not to take advantage of conditions in China to seek special rights or privileges
- Open Door Policy
- aggreement to preserve equal commercial rights in China and to refrain from taking advantage of conditions to seek special trade rights or privileges
- shortcomings of Washington Naval Conference
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5-Power Treaty - could still build smaller vessels, i.e., submarines & destroyers
4-Power Treaty - did not commit signers to active military defense of their allies
9-Power Treaty - made no provision for enforcement of the Open Door Policy - Fordney-McCumber Act 1922
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raised import duties to high levels protecting American agriculture and young industries;
authorized President to raise or lower duties by as much as 50% - technological unemployment
- caused by new manufacturing; jobs were lost as occupations became obsolete
- open shop
- promoted by employers; a shop where workers do not have to join a union to work; in practice meant a shop closed to union members
- Herbert Hoover
- head of Food Administration during WWI; secretary of Commerce under Harding and Coolidge; became Republican Presidential nominee in 1928
- Emergency Quota Act 1921
- limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 3% of the number of persons from that country living in the US in 1910 according to census figures
- National Origins Act 1924
- made immigration restriction a permanent policy; would reduce quota further - more than 85% of the new immigrants would be from eastern Europe - intention was to discriminate against certain nationalities & races
- Sacco and Vanzetti case
- two Italian anarchists were arrested, tried and executed on charges of murder; many thought they were not given a fair trial because of prejudice of their ethnic backgrounds and political beliefs - it was a period of intense fear of Communism (Red Scare 1919-20)
- Albert Fall and the Teapot Dome Scandal
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Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall illegally transferred oil rights of US Navy reserves to Harry F. Sinclair (Sinclair Oil) without competitive bidding; Fall also conveyed other oil reserves for personal loans at no interest - he would receive more than $300,000 in bribes and would eventually go to prison
worst scandal of President Harding's administration - Ku Klux Klan
- secret society designed to intimidate African Americans, Catholics, Jews, immigrants, and "foreign ideas"; by mid-1920s would become a force in American politics despite its willingness to use terror and violence
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William C. McAdoo
Alfred E. Smith - 1924 Democratic rivals for presidential nomination; McAdoo favored Prohibition; Smith was a Roman Catholic opponent of Prohibition; the two would deadlock in the convention - Democrats would lose all chance of winning the election
- Henry Ford
- founder of Ford Motor Company; one of the first to apply assembly line manufacturing to the mass production of automobiles; pioneered use of standardized parts in automobile manufacturing; held off unionization of his factories by nearly doubling wages in 1914
- Model T Ford
- first automobile mass-produced on assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts marketed to the middle class; in 1914 it would take only 93 minutes to assemble; only color was black
- assembly line
- divided operations into such simple tasks that most of the work could be done by unskilled labor -- this reduced costs of production
- General Motors and Chrysler
- automobile companies that competed with Ford
- domestic market
- the market composed of buyers and sellers within the country
- Farm Bloc
- members of Congress from Midwest & Plains states; forced through several laws favoring farmers, i.e., made farm cooperatives free of antitrust laws, set up federal banks to make loans to aid farm cooperatives
- McNary-Haugen Bill
- supported by Farm Bloc; proposed that the federal govt buy crop surpluses and sell them abroad while protected American farmers with a high tariff; would automatically raise the domestic price; Coolidge would veto this legislation insisting on a "free play of competition"
- Kellogg-Briand Pact
- international attempt to outlaw war; 64 nations agreed to abandon war as an instrument of national policy and to settle disputes by peaceful means
- flapper
- refers to a young woman from the 1920s who would dress unconventionally and flaunt her disdain for "decent" behavior; demanded same freedoms enjoyed by men
- Mary McLoed Bethune
- African American who believed that through education, blacks could begin to earn a living in a country that still opposed racial equality - founded her own college & the National Council of Negro Women
- postwar disillusionment
- disappointment or dissatisfaction with the way things were after the war - often manifested as a criticism of American life; historicans reevaluated myths of American heroes
- John T. Scopes & the Scopes Monkey Trial
- court battle between religion and science; Scopes, a teacher in Dalton, TN, was arrested for teaching evolution; the ACLU wanted to test the antievolution law in TN; Scopes was found guilty and order to pay a fine for defying the ban on teaching evolution ; the Scopes trial would symbolize the tensions of the 1920s as society began to change
- Clarence Darrow
- one of the most famous American lawyers and civil libertarian; defended John Scopes in the "Monkey Trial"
- Williams Jennings Bryan
- prosecutor in the Scopes "Monkey" Trial; Fundamentalist preacher and three-time presidential candidate
- Harlem Renaissance
- a flowering of art and intellectualism in the US in the 1920s and early 1930s led by the African American community; it include jazz music, literature, the performing arts and painting