Articulation Disorders
Terms
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- Vowels
- voiced relatively open vocal tract, from syllable nuclei, high/low, front/back, tense/lax, rounded/unrounded
- phonotactic rules
- specific sounds and combionations allowed in a language, syllable shapes. CV, VC, CVC, CCV, VCC, CCVC, CVCC, CCVCC, etc.
- sonarate
- more vowel like liquides, glides, and nasals
- obstruants
- less vowel like fricatives, and affricates
- consonants
- constriction of vocal tract voice, place, manner
- sibalants
- higest energy fricatives z, sh, s, y palatal and alveolar fricatives
- connected speech
- coarticulation, adaptation, assimilation
- coarticulation
- preparation forseepch sounds with respect to phonectic context
- adaptation
- articulation mod due to neighbor sound
- assimilation/consonant harmonay
- regressive and progressive type of coarticulation phonemes change sound enough become more like another phoneme ie vowels surrounding nasals take on nasal qualities.
- regressive assmimilation
- One sound is influenced by another sound such that a sound assumes features of a second sound. duck become guck
- progressive assimilation
- One sound is influenced by another sound such that a sound assumes features of a second sound. coat becomes coak
- metathesis
- sounds switch places
- coalescence
- one sound retains pars of two different sounds
- morphophonemic
- the rules that govern the production of morphemes associated w phonemes
- Phonological process
- patterns of sound change that effect a class of sounds/the overall structure of words/syllables
- Markedness
- sounds thar are the most marked are the sounds that are hardest to produce.
- Non developmental process
- not typically developing in children ie backing
- Comprehension child language
- 2-understand 50% of what saying, 3 75% 4-90%, 5-100%
- idiosyncratic process
- specific to an individual child
- behavioral model
- lang. is learned in response to environment and reinforcement. Mowrer and Olmsted.
- structural model
- born w/ the ability to develop lang. w/ development following universal order ages vary, but featurs unfold in pattern. Roman Jakobson
- generative model
- stamp development attempt to mimic adult model motor limiations and perception due to age cause prod. to be simplified. Donegan and Stampe
- cognitve model
- children develop lag. they perceive units of speech not invividual phonemes. Word is basic unit of speech. Macken and Ferguson.
- Locke's stages of phonological develop.
- pragmatics, cognitive, systematic, and infant perception
- pragmatics
- stage of phono develop. sound conveys meaning to another person-ie babies cry to convey needs can comm. intentionally early/eye gaze etc.
- Sequence of development
- vocal articulatory control needed for speech. Control during first year: Phonation(on/off), pitch diff, volume diff (suprasegmentals), resonance, and timing
- Year one
- QRN, gooing/cooing, exploration, babbling, jargon
- quasi resonant nuclei
- occurs during year 1 almost resonant sound of vowel
- gooing/cooing
- occurs during year 1 more sustained vowel like sound and some consonants back vowels
- exploration
- expansion to fully resonant leading to babbling.
- babbling
- strong fully resonant reduplicated (da da), varigated (da ba, da di).
- jargon
- babbling with intonation sounds like real speech.
- Protowords
- consistently used production used to mean a specific object. purpur for pacifier
- Early developing sounds
- stops and nasals
- later developing sounds
- firctives, glides and liquids
- post vocalic singleton
- constonant deletion, deletion of final consonant.
- prevocalic singleton consonant deletion
- deletion of the intial consonant
- consonant sequence reduction
- two/more consonants in a seq are deleted-
- glottal replacement
- placing a glottal in place of another consonant
- fronting
- a sound further back in the mouth is made further foward
- backing
- front sound move back
- palatization
- a sound that is not palatal becomes palatal
- depalatization
- a sound that is palatal becomes depalatal
- stopping
- producing a stop for a non stop consonant
- gliding
- sub a glide for a liquid, liquid turns into a true vocal usually in final sound
- affrication
- sound that is not an affricate becomes and affricate
- lateralization
- air escapes laterally
- nasalization
- non nasal becomes nasal
- denasalization
- nasal becomes non nasal
- epenthesis
- a scwha insertion
- migration
- CCVC --> CVCC
- deaffrication
- affricate changes to fricative
- voicing changes
- prevocalic, devoicing, prevocalic voicing, post vocalic voicing, post vocalic devoicing, neutralization, assimilation, metathsesis, reduplication, dentalization
- prevocalic devoicing
- sound in intial position that is supposed to be voice -> devoiced
- prevocalic voicing
- sound in intial position supposed to be devoice->voiced
- postvocalic devoicing
- sound in final position supposed to be voice->devoiced
- postvocalic voicing
- sound in final position supposed to be devoiced->voiced
- neutralization
- vowel becomes centralized
- reduplication
- part of a word that is repeated
- dentalization
- anything that is not dental becomes dental
- Treatment for children
- schools, early intervention center, clinic, out patient, day care/preschoo, homes, hospital, private practice
- Treatment for adolescents
- schools, clinic homes, hospital, private practice
- Treatments for adults
- hospital, nursing home, home, rehab, assisted living, business, private practice
- Assessments children
- Goldman Fristo test of artic. w/ Kahn lewis phono analysis, hodsin assessment phono process, compreshensive, assess. of phono process
- Adolescents and adults assessments
- Arizona artic proficieny scale, templin ddarley, fisher logemann-does not provide phonological analysis
- Straigh artic disorder
- mostly children struggle w/ r, l, s
- dysarthria
- weaken muslce movement corrdination muscle problems affects anyone
- dyspraxia
- apraxia motor planning can affect anyone
- FAM
- foreign accent modification-mostly adults
- Elective dialect therapy
- same lang. but changing dialect
- Length therapy session
- school 30-40 min across settings and aga
- Agenda therapy session
- intesity level change per individual
- content therapy session
- adult-reduce rate and overall artic
- phonetic inventory
- was phoneme there and in what positions, also syllable shape analysis
- etiology
- factors related to communication disorders correlation vs. causality
- related variables for speech disorders
- hearing loss, structure/integrity of speech mech., neuromotor, motor issues, tongue thrust, cognitive impairment, psychological issues
- Hearing loss results
- articulation problems, suprasegmentals (prodosy, intensity, stress, and pitch)
- Important factors hearing loss effect on speech
- detection of speech which freq are affectd, age of onset of loss, age of detection of loss, severity.
- external discrimination
- other people speech-air conduction
- external self discrimination
- on tape through air conduction
- internal discrimination
- listening to own voice through bone conduction
- Testing discrimination
- Can discriminate between speech sounds present same speech sound over and over slip in one different indication of change?
- Lips
- no effect unless there are major deviations, cleft palate/lip-can have flat lip-no vermillion, border-doesn't affect speech
- Teeth
- occlusion,malocclusion, overbite, open bite, unerbite, missing teeth-can affect speech
- Tongue
- ankylglossia, macroglossia, microglossia
- Ankylglossia
- tongue tied-lingual frenulum is way up to front of tongue, no point in clipping if it doesn't affect speech
- macroglossia
- big tongue, may have mall mouth, weak muscles cause an appearance of big tongue
- microglossia
- small tongue
- glossectomy
- removal of tongue partial/full partial may sound drunk, can affect intelligibility, SLP can work w/ what they have to teach comp. strategies to get most intelligible sound
- Hard palate cleft
- maxiallary surgery use of obturation(bulb applicance used to close palate) improve intelligibility compensatory strategy to get best intell. fistual small opening in palate
- Soft palate cleft
- velopharyngeal incompetence pharyngeal walls causing air escape reasons refer to ent.
- Motor skills
- general muscles weakness often associated w/ artic diff.
- Diadochokinesis
- Pataka-rate-realtionship in func. artic disorders is unclear, clear difficult if dyspraxic, if reduced rate may be artic probs.
- Dysarthria characteristics
- resonation, artic, resp/phonation, problems w/ any, distortions predominant, slow, weak imprecise movements, consistent errors, dec. intell, slurred
- Apraxia
- CNS prefrontal area, decrease motro speech program in msg, little/no weakness, more diff to do motor funct. on command
- apraxia characteristics
- artic affect in a big way non consistent, groping behaviors, substitutions and additions predominate, automatic speech often better than purposive
- Cognitive impairment
- Large range of norm. little correlation w/ artic. 70-130 IQ range, 85-115 ave IQ, below 70 cog. impaired, 125-130 academ. gifted. artic disorder correlation cog. delay
- Phonological disorder
- subset of artic. disorder
- General characteristics of phonological disorder
- later develop sounds are errored, poorer speech discrim skills, var. in sound prod., more errors w/ place than others, orderly seq of miss artic, position affect erros, shorter MLU, poorer speech intell, poorer sense/motor ability, homnymy, substitutions
- Full artic/phonological analysis
- case history, artic testing, oral mech exam, hearing screening, lang. screening and assessment, voice and fluency screening, behavior observation, cog. issues
- Case History
- birth, previous therapy, health, lang. develop.
- Interpreting result
- delay, errors, position errors, processes, compare norms, blocked processes, processes productively, cause, serverity based on consistency, intell, # errors, and types
- Make prognosis for improve
- age and been in therapy b4, therapy recomended, freq and duration of therapy.
- Templin Darley
- Iowa pressure artic. test assessing phonemes more compromised when velopharyngeal closing is a problem. use for resonance eval.
- Fluharty
- screening test never place someone in therapy based.
- screening
- grenarl overview of person's skills usually informal ex: listening to a child during class brief.
- Prompting
- used during artic test if they don't get the word. Not allowed during a lang. test
- Chosing a test
- Age what area (single words may be fine, but prob w/ connected speech) what's available develop. level, clinician's pref.
- recording types of errors
- look beyond test and also connected speech then say xxx speech intell. judge to fair, poor/good.
- Look beyond test
- phonetic context is it errored in all positions always
- Why would connected speech be unintell.
- sppech rate easier to say a word in isolation than it is to say a word in connected speech
- deep testing
- McDonal deep test for artic. tests words in a variety of phonetic contexts some called an ext. test
- stimulability
- can the sound be produced in the presence of maximal areas.
- Oral mech exam
- purpose to test structure funct. of artic and facial charact. oral mech. peripheral checklist) including diadochokinesis)
- Auditory discrimination
- in some cases test cognates pat/bat, sat/that, sip/zip are each of these same/different
- Auditory discrimination needs
- must be attentive to take, know what same/difference means, have table of objects give me hat/give me bat
- oral mech, auditory discrimination, case history/interview, screen for voice, fluency, lang, listening
- must have a statement about each of these things in eval.
- Common artic tests
- Goldman fristoe, templin darley, photo artic, fisher, and arizona
- Articulation assessment
- must also screen, oral mech, hearing, voice, fluency, lang. case history.
- Phonological processes
- patterns occur predictibility
- what must assessment yield
- how severe is prob, what processes are occur, how diff from normal, help plan for remediation, give baseline data
- Choosing a test
- availablility, age, time, therapist preference, make sure looks at all phonemes, try for spontan. prod, if have to imitate make delay imitate by interject words b/w your prod. and theirs
- artic test focus on single words?
- Time, may not know what to do w/ cont. speech
- probs w/ spontaneous speech sample
- may not sample all phonemes, can do phon. inventory if you don't know target, but you can't do a phono analysis unless know target. no comp. data.
- limitations w/ spontaneous speech
- no comparison data, limited phonemes, time comsuming
- How to get spontaneous speech
- tell a story have repeat it, get talking about something interested in, toys that won't interfere w/ getting a sample-needs to facilitate speech (game), book w/o words, puppets
- homonymy analysis
- using the same phomemic combo for several diff. targets-high homonymy-low intelligibility-restricted phonetic inventory.
- phonological process analysis
- what pattern, what substitution, what context
- oral mech exam looking
- structure and funct. of all artic. as well as stable struc. can person move tongue(every movement) missing any teeth?
- tongue movement
- w and w/o resistence stick out tongue
- Puff up cheeks
- lip closure and velopharynx closure
- modified tongue anchor procedure
- stick out tongue and puff cheeks
- Voluntary movement
- can person stick out tongue when asked?
- involuntary movement
- watch to see if they can stick out tongue while talking, if not could be sign of dyspraxia
- Phonological deviations
- Omissions, substitutions, manner changes