Bio Exam III
Terms
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- Kin Selection
- average proportion of genes of individual A that are present also in individual B
- Coefficient of relatedness (r)
- Parent - offspring = full siblings, half siblings,
- Hamilton's rule
- Br-C>0
- Inclusive fitness
- Direct and Indirect fitness
- Direct fitness
- personal reproduction
- Indirect fitness
- additional reproduction by relatives made possible by an individual's actions
- Population
- a group of individuals of one species that live in a particular geographic area
- Unitary organisms
- each individual is a separate genetic individual
- Modular organisms
- genetic individulas consist of multiple modules
- Mark recapture
-
a sample is collected, marked and released
a second sample is taken and the numbers of marked and unmarked individuals recorded
population size is calculated as
N=(Mn / R) -
What is N, M, n, and R in the equation N=Mn /R?
what is this equation used for? -
N=population size
M= number marked in 1st sample
n= total in 2nd sample
R=recaptures in 2nd sample
It's used for the mark recapture technique of measuring densityq - Assumptions of the mark recapture technique.
-
1. Random samples
2. No change in population size
3. Probability of capturing any individual is same for each period - Dispersion
- how the organisms in a population are distributed in space
- patterns of dispersion
- clumped, random, uniform
- Clumped
- most common pattern in nature
- Random
- rather rare pattern in nature, due to lack of attraction or repulsion b/n individualsq
- Uniform
- due to repulsion b/n individuals
- mortality
- death rate
- survivorship
- converse of mortality...If mortality is 0.2, then this is 0.8
- fecundity
- birth rate
- characteristics or populaions
-
density
dispersion
age-structure
sex ratio - what a life table can determine
-
1. longevity
2. proportion of individuals htat live to reproductive age
3. fecundity of different ages
4. make predictions about future population size and age structure. - demographic rates
- life tables and survivorship curves
- Population size determined by these 4 processes B, D, I and E...what do they stand for?
-
B-number of births
D-number of deaths
I-number of immigrants
E-number of emigrants - change in population size
- (delta N / delta t)=B-D
- Intraspecific competition
- competition within a species
- logistic growth
- growth that is density dependent
- exponential growth
- growth that in density independent
- what is K?
- carrying capacity
- ecological footprint
- expresses in hectares of land per person the current demand of global resources made by each country.
- Example of encounter competition
- jackals eating a dead giraffe
- interaction is detrimental to both species
- competition
- interaction is beneficial to one species and detrimental to the otherq
- predation (includes paratism)
- interaction is beneficial to both species
- mutualism
- one species benefits from the interaction but the other is unaffected
- commensalism
- symbiosis
- interaction between species
- example of Preemptive competition
- barnacles and sea anenomes competing for space
- exaple of overgrowth competition
- plants in jungle competing for sunlight, space, and nutrients
- exploitation competition
- competitor removes resources so they're unavailable for others
- interferance competition
- direct aggressive interactions between individuals
- territoriality
- larger space defended, access denied to any resources in territory
- chemical competition
- chemical toxins released to inhibit growth of competitor
- ecological niche
- the ecological role of a species in the community
- outcomes of competition
-
Stable coexistence
competitive exclusion - Stable coexistence
- populations of both species persist but at lower densities
- competitive exclusion
- popoulation of one species driven extinct where both species are present.
- Competitive Exclusion Principle
- species having identical resource requirements cannot coexist
- fundamental niche
- set by resource requirements without competition
- realized niche
- where both species live when there is competition going on
- herbivory
- eating part of a plant
- parasitoid
- an insect that lays eggs on living hosts
- secondary plant compounds
- chemical defenses "chemicals made by plants for protection against predators."
- Errington's "doomed surplus" hypothesis
- reproductive rate of prey species > predator species as prey (increases), predator (increases) because different rate of reproduction. increase of predators cannot keep up w/increase of prey
- paratism
- orgasims that live off hosts
- short term interactions
-
lethal interactions
&
non-lethal interactions - long term interactions
- parasitism
- morphological adaptation
- examples are: camouflage, anatomical defenses, fake eyes, false heads, quills, spines, armor
- Physiological adaptations
- example is: chemical defenses
- behavioral adaptations
-
examples are: living in groups
confusion effect, mobbing, increased vigilance - parasites
- organisms that obtain nutrients and other essential resourcs from one or a very few "host" individuals
- microparasites
- multiply within hosts, and are single celled organisms, examples are viruses, bacteria, and protozoans
- macroparasites
- mostly worms, exaples are endo and ectoparasites, such as flukes, tapeworms, etc
- endoparasites
- live with in the host
- ectoparasites
- live on the surface of the hosts
- mutualism
- positive relationship where two species benefit
- obligate mutualist
- species cannot exist without the other
- facultative mutualist
- mutualistic relationship not essential but beneficial
- energetic interaction
- transfer of energy form one species to another
- nutritional interaction
- transfer of inorganic nutrients from one species to another
- protective interaction
- active or passive defense of the other species
- transportative interaction
- transport of whole individuals of to the other species