Excercise 13
Terms
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- Articulations (joints) perform these 2 functions
- 1. Hold the bones together 2. allow the rigid skeletal system some flexibility so that gross body movemens can occur
- synarthroses
- immovable joints
- amphiarthroses
- slightly movable joints
- diarthroses
- freely movable joints
- Fibrous joints
- * bones are joined by fibrous tissue * no joint cavity present * most synarthrotic
- 2 major types of fibrous joints
- sutures syndesmoses
- sutures
- irregular edes of bones interlock and are united by very short connective tissues
- sydesmoses
- articulating bones are connected by short ligaments of dense fibrous tissue; bone don't interlock
- gomphosis
- a tooth iis secured in a bony socket by the periodontal ligament
- Cartilagenous joints
- articulating bone ends are connected by a plate or pad of cartilage * no joint cavity * most are amphiarthrotic
- 2 major types of cartilagenous joints
- symphyses and synchondroses
- sympheses
- bones are connected by a broad, flat disc of fibrocartilage * ex. intervertebral joints and pubic symphyses
- synchondroses
- bony portions united by hyaline carlage * ex. the articulation of the costal cartilage of the first rib with the sternum * the epiphyseal plates in children
- Synovial joints
- articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid * diarthroses
- origin
- the stationary imovable, or less movable attachment of muscle to bone
- insertion
- the movable attachment of muscle to bone
- Flexion
- a movement generally in the sagittal plane that decreases the angle of the joint and reduces the distance b/t the 2 bones
- Extension
- increases the angle of a joint and he distance b/t 2 bones or parts of the body
- abduction
- movement away from the midline generally on the frontal plane or the fanning movemen of fingers or toes spread apart
- adduction
- movement of a limb toard the midline of the body
- rotation
- movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis without lateral or medial displacement.
- Circumduction
- a combination of flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction commonly observed in ball-and-socket joints like the should. THe proximal end of the limb remains stationary and the distal end moves in a circle
- Pronation
- Movement of the palm from a pasterior position to an anerior position. The radius moves accross the ulna
- Supination
- movement of the palm from a posterior position to an anterior position; the opposite of pronation. Radius and ulna are parallel
- Inversion
- a movement that results in the medial turning of the sole of the foot (big toe points up)
- eversion
- A movement that results in the lateral turning of the sole of the foot
- dorsiflexion
- a movement of the ankle joint in a dorsal direction
- plantar flexion
- the movement of the ankle joint in which the foot is flexed downward (standing on toes)