Philosophy 2 2
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- Who was the father of Modern Philosophy?
- Descartes
- Method of inquiry, method of doubt, Cogito ergo sum- I think therefore I am.
- Descartes
- 2 tests applied to any truth-clear and distinct idea...Perfect Entity- God would not deceive us, I exist, the world exists, God exists
- Descartes
- "Discourse on Method", Epistimological turn-ask how I know first, before we ask what is real. Extension-Matter-body, thought-mind-nonmaterial, innate ideas
- Descartes
- Responds to Descares Dualism, Monist, everything is part of one, 2 attributes-God/Nature
- Spinoza
- MODES, determinism, Stoical Ethics-accept everything that is determined-there is no freedom, see everything from perspective of eternity- big picture,
- Spinoza
- Free to become all that can be within your inherent capabilities. (can grow apples on an apple tree but not oranges)
- Leibnitz
- "Essay on Human Understanding", tabla rasa/blank slate, no innate ideas, sensation experience, reflection experience.
- Locke
- Simple Ideas (cold, wet, white), complex ideas (snow), perceptions...are they reliable? Primary qualities-objective, secondary qualities-subjective (odor, sound)
- Locke
- Political Theory, "Two Treatises of Civil Government", response to Hobbes Leviathan, response to Glorius revolution, natural moral law, natural rights-life, health, liberty, property
- Locke
- Separation of Powers
- Locke
- To be is to be perceived, Epistemological Idealism-can only know perceptions (mental events/ideas), Consistent empiricist-eliminates all but what is perceived/experienced
- Bishop George Berkley
- Only I and my perceptions can be known, If a tree falls can it be heard? I exist in the mind of God
- Berkley
- Simple ideas, complex ideas=cut and paste of simple ideas, false complex ideas-God, angels; law of causation=habit of association, not necessary connection.
- David Hume
- View on miracles skeptical-just because he hadnt seen one doesnt mean they can't exist. Sentiment/feeling are the reason we respond to others, not reason; historical view of economic forces and intellectual forces
- Hume
- Voltaire, Rousseau, Monesquieu, DIderot were during the _____ period
- Enlightenment
- Opposition to Authority (Revolutions), Natural Right, Social Contract, Rationalism-Age of Reason
- Enlightenment
- Movement towards educating the masses, Pegagogy, The Encyclopedia; Cultural Optimism
- Enlightenment
- Return to Nature, Goodness of Man, Natural Religion, Deism, Human Rights, Declaration of the rights of man...PostModernism responds to this
- Enlightenment
- Mind is an active Agent organizing perceptions, Innate Categories of the Mind-Time, space, relation/causation, quantity, quality, modality
- Immanuel Kant
- Copernican Revolution, perceptions conform to Categories of the mind not vice versa, Phenomena-perceptions of objects via categories
- Kant
- Noumena-things not limited by our categories of mind, unity of consciousness-self, perceiving, memory, categorizing, regulating ideas/transcendental ideas
- Kant
- Act only how you would want everyone to act, treat everyone as a means, not a means to an end, moral postulates proven by reason, free will, immortal soul
- Kant
- "Perpetual Peace"= UN, League of Nations
- Kant
- Reasoned through process of incorporating everything into one big picture, Dialectic Method of Logic, Thesis, Antithesis, Synthesis
- Hegel
- Social Ethics- individual will, morality (freely intentional duty), Politics- individual, everyone, state, special world-historical person who is agent for world spirit
- Hegel
- He influences Kierkegard, Feurbach, Marx and Engels, and Freud during Romanticism
- Hegel
- Reaction to Hegel's philosophy, Father of Existentialism-existence vs essense, individual vs universal, subjective vs objective
- Kierkegard
- Faith=objective uncertainty, limit of reason, suprarational-paradox of Christianity, experience existence when you choose/commit
- Kierkegaard
- "Purity of Heart", Stages on Life's way (to God), Aesthetic, ethical, religious-leap of faith
- Kierkegaard
- Inverts Hegels Philosophy, "Essence of Christianity" is humanity, Theology is Anthropology-study of God is study of man's thinking of GOd
- Ludwig Fuerbach
- History is man's attempt to overcome his alienation from himself, to understand a man, understand his work
- Fuerbach
- Positivism-religion of humanity, theological stage (fictitious), metaphysical(abstract), scientific(positivism); Father of Sociology
- Auguste Comte
- Theory of Dialectic Materialism, History of class conflict/struggle through 5 epochs of history (primitive, slavery, feudalism, capitalism, communism)
- Marx
- Substructure (foundation/base of society) factors of production, conditions of, and means of production
- Marx
- Alienation of work from worker, bourgeois, proletariat, unequal distribution of profit, revolt when numbers sufficiently disproportionate between classes
- Marx
- Law, art, philosophy, religion-keep people submissive, state and religion are product of dominant economic group "religion is the opiate of the people"
- Marx
- Ideas of justice and goodness are not eternal because reflective of material order, Engels-secretary, Leninism, Social Democracy, end for capitalism, means for capitalism
- Marx
- Descent of Man, Neodarwinism-mutations, primal soup
- Darwin
- Id, superego, ego, theory of the unconscious, free individual from repression so individual can function healthily
- Freud
- Interpretation of Dreams, Future of an Illusion-religion is an illusion created to comfort and control, surrealism=expressing the unconscious in art and literature, creativity
- Freud
- Romanticism flavor, Joyful wisdom, Twilight of Idols, Revaluation of values-affirm life with aesthetics
- Nietzsche
- nihilism, night approaches, who killed God?, Will to Power-master morality, slave (herd) morality-despised mediocrity of the herd
- Nietzsche
- Question is to commit suicide or not, Life does not give us meaning or answers, but suicide is not the answer
- Albert Camus
- Only by living in the face of life's absurdities can humans achieve their full stature, "The Stranger", "The Myth of Sisyphus", "The Plague", "The Rebel"
- Albert Camus
- "No Exit", "Nausea", existence precedes essence-you exist and then choose to become something
- Sartre
- Individual responsibility for who and what you are and choose to be, sense of abandonment because God is dead
- Sartre
- No God, no values, no determinism makes you free, condemned to be free, authenticity in honesty
- sartre
- only in action is their reality, no meaning prior to an act of the will, value-what you make of it, Annihilate what is irrelevant
- Sartre
- Goal is to be authentic, totally free, honest, responsible-Theatre of the Absurd
- Sartre
- Apply existentialism to feminism, mother of feminism, "Second Sex"
- Simone de Beauvior
- Men are normal, women are abnormal, Women must choose for themselves who they will become
- Simone de Beauvior
- American Pragmatist, truth is what works, radical empiricism
- William James
-
Facts but no God-God but no facts=facts +God
"Varieties of Religious experience" - William James
- Religion has useful consequences and fruitful effects (changed lives), "Will to Believe"
- WIlliam James
- Will, not intellect enables us to have faith, change from being spectators to being participants, religion offers a world of promise
- William James
- Pascal's Wager- what do I stand to gain the most, lose the most-why not be on the safe side; Never achieve absolute truth because reality is always changing,
- William James
- When we love a thing it becomes valuable, we dont love things because they are valuable, we have a choice, free will
- William James
- Language Games, Rules of language vary with context, language gives us pictures of the world, goal-end philosophy
- Ludwig Wittgenstein
- Knowledge=language, narrative is the means of creating ourselves, postmodern
- Richard Rorty
- Deconstruction, meaning is not author's view, but readers interpretation + interaction, fiction creates its own world
- Jacques Derrida
- History reflects the power/interpretation of the time, assertion of knowledge=act of power
- Michel Foucault
- concept- Deconstruct systems with illusory unifying construction, liberation from oppressive "truths", world without absolutes
- PostModern