Anthropology 111
Terms
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- Anthropos
- Human
- Logos
- Study
- Holistic / Gestalt
- All comes together
- 4 Fields of Anthropology
-
1. Physical a) forensic b) primatology
2. Archaeology
3. Linguistic
4. Culture - Ethnography
- Participant Observation (Field Study)
- Enthnocentrism
- one society rules are superior to others --> discrimination
- Culture Relativism
- Non Judgmental
- Heliocentric solar system
- Copernicus - planets rotate around sun
- Geocentric solar system
- Earth is center of universe --> wrong
- Big Bang
- 20 Billion Years ago - cosmic explosion
- Charles Darwin
- Theory of Evolution - Natural Selection; "Origin of Species"
- Charles Lyell
- Uniformitarianism - little catastrophies by god (1000); Catastrophism (about5)
- Jean Lamark
- evolution takes place through acquired characteristics (mice - no tail) --> not true
- Charles Linnaeus
- "Systema Natura" - "System of Nature"; classified things into species
- Taxonomy
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Kingdom - Animals
Class - Mammals
Order - Primates
Genus/Species - Homo - Gregor Mendel
-
Heredity
some dominant alleles are able to mask recessive ones - Law of Segregation
- Genes for particular trait stay through generations
- Heterozygous
- Dominant and Recessive gene retain separate ID's through generations
- Homozygous
- Both genes are either dominant or recessive
- Law of Assortment
- Genes that control different traits are inherited independent of another
- Herbert Spencer
-
"Survival of Fittest"
Misinterpreted Darwin --> gave right to dominate - After Big Bang
-
Atmosphere before life: methane ...
Primordial broth heated by bottom and top --> energy source --> plant like bacteria --> 1st plants --> photosynthesis ... - Creationism
- Bible Story (7 days)
- Hypothesis
- educated guess, testable, observable, correctable
- Theory
- validated hypothesis
- Mitosis
- cell division --> Identical copy
- Meiosis
- cell division --> produces sex cells (half of chromosomes)
- Watson / Crick
-
Found genes are portions of DNA
Double Helix - DNA
-
Sugar, Protein, Basis
Basis: Thymein, Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine - unique - Natural Selection
- Favoring one individual over another to create next generation
- Adaptian
- Beneficial adjustments to environment
- Phenotype
- Traits that are seen
- Genotype
- Traits that are not seen
- Mutations
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Random genetic change
Change alteration that produces new genetic material - Genetic Drift
-
Chance fluctation within a gene pool
Effects smaller population
"Founders Effect" - Amish-6 finger dwarf - Gene Flow
- Alleles from one gene pool get introduced into another
- 4 forces responsible for change in gene pool.
-
1. Mutation
2. Genetic Drift
3. Gene Flow
4. Natural Selection - Jane Goodall
-
"Chimps use tools"
Tanzania - Dian Fossey
- Gorilla's are gentle in nature
- Pascal de Challin
- Gorilla's are fierce, hostile, aggressive
- "Descent of Man"
-
Book of Charles Darwin
Predicted "Missing Link" - Plesiadapis
- oldest known primate fossil
- Ramapithecus
- oldest known homonoid fossil
- Baboon
-
Estrus (female swell --> sex)
live in troops --> safety
Males dominance - hierachy - Barbara Smuts
- Female baboon chooses friend as sexual partner
- Imo
-
learned behavior - not instinct
japanese - Harry Harlow
- Monkeys need love
- Chimpanzees
-
genetically closest to human (98% DNA)
Dominance with fingers
Hate water - Bonobos
-
Promiscuous
use sex to bond and gain acceptance - Gibbons
-
Tree acrobats
Monogamous - Maeve Leakey
-
discovered oldest bipedal hominoid
Australopithecine Anamensis - Diasthema
-
space between canine and other teeth
32; 2-1-2-3
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars - Bipedal
-
Foramen Magnum (opening in skull that connects brain and spinal cord)
S-shaped spine (body upright)
Shape of pelvis - wider - Parabolic shaped Jaw
- Human - arch
- Stereoscopic vision
- complete 3 dimensional vision from binocular vision
- Alea iacta est
-
Turning Point
Caesar; River called Rubicon; Rome
Related: Apes/Human
Nature decided
below 600cc's ape over hominoid - Apes
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Quadrepeds
Knuckle walkers - Life
-
Began 3.8 billion years ago
Prokaryotes (plants) --> bacteria --> first life
Protozoa --> animals --> eat organic matter - Bishop James Ussher
- said that world was created 4,004 B.C. at 9 PM
- Melvin Konner
- incest taboo
- Barry Bogin
-
plasticity - milk
taller dutch men than american men - Lee Cronk
- women who reduce breat feeding --> greater risk of breast cancer
- Barbare Smuts
- baboon females mate with male that cares for child
- Heather Pringle
-
Ice Age Women
healers and provided 70% of diet - Vaughn Bryant
- Humans evolved to eat unsatured fats, little sugar and salt