Biology Chapter 40&47
Chapters 40 and 47 vocab for Biology 212 with professor John Mayfield
Terms
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- Mesoderm
- The middle primary germ layer of an early embryo that develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system.
- Negative feedback
- A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.
- Ectothermic
- Referring to organisms that do not produce enough metabolic heat to have much effect on body temperature.
- Homeostasis
- The steady-state physiological condition of the body.
- Vegetal pole
- The portion of the egg where most yolk is concentrated; opposite of animal pole.
- Blastula
- The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development.
- Anatomy
- The study of the structure of an organism.
- Diploid
- A cell containing two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent.
- Amnion
- The innermost of four extraembryonic membranes; encloses a fluid-filled sac in which the embryo is suspended.
- Standard metabolic rate
- The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstressed ectotherm. The acronym for this is SMR.
- Cortical granule
- A vesicle located just under the plasma membrane of an egg cell that undergoes exocytosis during the cortical reaction.
- Neural tube
- A tube of cells running along the dorsal axis of the body, just dorsal to the notochord. It will give rise to the central nervous system.
- Organ
- A specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues.
- Neural crest
- A band of cells along the border where the neural tube pinches off from the ectoderm. The cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form the pigment cells in the skin, bones of the skull, the teeth, the adrenal glands, and parts of the peripheral nervous system.
- Gastrula
- The three-layered, cup-shaped embryonic stage.
- Nervous tissue
- Tissue made up of neurons and supportive cells.
- Epithelial tissue
- Sheets of tightly packed cells that line organs and body cavities.
- Basal metabolic rate
- The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and nonstressed endotherm. The acronym for this is BMR.
- Connective tissue
- Animal tissue that functions mainly to bind and support other tissues, having a sparse population of cells scattered through an extracellular matrix.
- Allantois
- One of four extraembryonic membranes; serves as a respository for the embryo's nitrogenous waste.
- Primitive streak
- A groove on the surface of an early avian embryo along the future long axis of the body.
- Polarity
- A lack of symmetry.
- Endoderm
- The innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs, and the lining of the digestive tract.
- Physiology
- The study of the functions of an organism.
- Extracellular matrix
- The substance in which animal tissue cells are embedded, consisting of protein and polysaccharides.
- Ectoderm
- The outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gives rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, inner ear, and lens of the eye.
- Endothermic
- Referring to organisms with bodies that are warmed by heat generated by metabolism. This heat is usually used to maintain a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment.
- Chorion
- The outermost of four extraembryonic membranes; contributes to the formation of the mammalian placenta.
- Fertilization envelope
- The swelling of the vitelline layer away from the plasma membrane.
- Notochord
- A longitudinal, flexible rod that runs along the dorsal axis of an animal's body in the future position of the vertebral column.
- Blastoderm
- An embryonic cap of dividing cells resting on a large undivided yolk.
- Muscle tissue
- Tissue consisting of long muscle cells that are capable of contracting when stimulated by nerve impulses.
- Acrosome
- A vesicle at the tip of a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate the egg.
- Somites
- Paired blocks of mesoderm just lateral to the notochord of a vertebrate embryo.
- Blastocoel
- The fluid-filled cavity that forms in the center of the blastula embryo.
- Yolk
- Nutrients stored in an egg.
- Animal pole
- The portion of the egg white where the least yolk is concentrated; opposite of vegetal pole.
- Yolk sac
- One of four extraembryonic membranes that support embryonic development; the first site of blood cells and circulatory system function.
- Cleavage
- The succession of rapid cell divisions without growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote into a ball of cells.
- Trophoblast
- The outer epithelium of the blastocyst, which forms the fetal part of the placenta.
- Haploid
- A cell containing only one set of chromosomes.
- Organ system
- A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions.
- Archenteron
- The endoderm-lined cavity, formed during the gastrulation process, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal.
- Diffusion
- The spontaneous tendency of a substance to move down its concentration gradient from a more concentrated to a less concentrated area.