HKIN 190
Terms
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- chondrocytes
- cartilage cells that divide in order to cause bone growth
- Z-discs
- zone indicating end of sarcomere
- graded potentials
- leakage of charge across across the cell membrane
- tension
- in muscle, number of crossbridges, muscle length, how much calcium available
- falx cerebri
- divides the brain in to left and right hemispheres
- hypothalamus
- automatic nervous system regulation, involuntary, secretion of hormones
- muscle action
- action that goes down the sarcolemma and T-tubules
- resorption
- osteoclast activity
- CSF
- substance secreted and contained within the ventricles, subarachnoid space, and central canal in spinal
- Henneman size principle
- orderly recruitment of motor units, smallest to largest
- motor
- efferent pathways, control muscle and glandular responses
- medullary cavity
- yellow bone marrow
- medulla
- most inferior section of brainstem, regulation of functions essential for basic survival
- enteric
- specialized for digestive functions, involuntary
- initial segment
- line where the action potential propagates
- osteogenic cell
- develops in to an osteoblast
- integrative
- interneuron pathways, analyze, store, decide, adapt, learn, regulate
- diaphysis
- longest and most middle part of a bone
- arachnoid mater
- middle layer of the meninges
- equilibrium potential of Na+
- force due to the concentration gradient is balanced out with the force of the electrical gradient when inside of the cell is +60mV compared to the outside
- PNS
- includes inputs and outputs of nerves
- neurolemma
- outer layer, encloses myelin sheath, consists of nucleus an cytoplasm of Schwann cell
- periosteum
- allows bone to grow in thickness
- temporal summation
- summation of the graded potentials occuring close together in time
- choroid plexus
- CSF is manufactured here
- midbrain
- eye movement and visual reflexes, auditory reflexes
- M-line
- line that runs down the middle of the sarcomere
- isotonic
- concentric contraction, shortening of muscle
- excitation-contraction coupling
- conversion of nerve impulses to muscle contraction
- parietal lobe
- sensation
- epimysium
- layer surrounding a single muscle
- osteocyte
- maintains bone tissue
- osteoclast
- functions in resorption, the breakdown of bone matrix, and the recycling of cells
- automatic
- control of organs, heart, breathing, hormones, involuntary
- lateral ventricle
- first place the CSF flows out of
- subthalamus
- movement control, pathways with basal ganglia
- Nodes of Ranvier
- gaps in the myelin along the axon
- muscle fiber type I
- low tension, fatigue resistant, slow speed
- dura mater
- most superficial layer of the meninges
- muscle fiber type IIb
- high tension, fatigue quickly, high speed
- Wernicke
- area in the temporal lobe, interpretation of speech
- effect of K+
- negatively charged anions create forces to draw potassium into cell
- depolarization
- more positive ions entering the cell
- frontal lobe
- muscles, movement, executive functions
- osteoblast
- forms bone matrix
- third ventricle
- flow of CSF between interventricular foramen and cerebral aqueduct
- cerebellum
- "little brain, contains 1/2 of the neurons of the brain... comparator, subconscious movement control, maintains balance, muscular control
- interstitial growth
- growth in length
- isometric
- muscle generating force, not moving or changing
- motor unit
- motor neuron + all the muscle fibers it inervates
- ganglia
- clusters of neural axons
- actin, troponin, tropomyosin
- proteins found in thin filaments
- articular cartilage
- gel-like substance, reduces friction and absorbs shock
- cerebral aqueduct
- flow of CSF between the 3rd and 4th ventricles
- the size of the stimulus
- the magnitude of a potential is related to _________
- thalamus
- major relay station of sensory information
- primary area
- area of the brain that mediate the function
- fourth ventricle
- flow of CSF between cerebral aqueduct and median aperture... to the central canal of the spinal column
- reflexive memory
- type of long-term memory, doesn't require conscious processes
- cerebral lateralization
- functional differences between left and right hemispheres
- dendrites
- input to neurons
- sarcomere
- contractile unit of a muscle
- PCML pathway
- fine touch, proprioceptors, stereognosis
- glutamate
- major excitatory NT in CNS, opens ligand-gated Ca2+ channels, removed by reuptake
- basal ganglia
- consists of three nuclei... globus palidus, putamen, caudate nucleus
- Broca
- area of the frontal lobe, coordination of speech and writing (output)
- eccentric
- lensthening of muscle
- osteon
- basic unit structure of bones
- endomysium
- layer surrounding the individual muscle fibers
- somatic
- sensory receptors from skin, muscles and joints, special senses, motor output, voluntary control
- extracellular matrix
- bone tissue consists of cells that are widely spaced apart and surrounded by this substance
- equilibrium potential of K+
- -90mV needed
- left
- side of brain that controls the right side of the body, reasoning, math, logic, science, language
- asynchronous recruitment
- muscles alternate their activity, only for submaximanl contraction
- hyperpolarization
- movement of anions into cell, and positive ions out of cell
- diencephalon
- consists of the thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus and subthalamus
- A-band
- zone containing thick and thin filaments
- CNS
- includes brain and spinal cord
- GABA
- major inhibitor in NT in CNS, opens ligand-gated Cl- channels, removed by re-uptake
- pons
- "bridge"... breathing
- epiphyseal plate
- layer of hyaline cartilage, alows bone to grow in length
- secondary area
- area of the brain that applies actual meaning to the function
- epithalamus
- emotional association with smells, melatonin... sleep/wake cycles
- basal ganglia
- function is to initiate and terminate muscle movements
- neuron #1
- sensory neuron, at medulla, will make a synapse with neuron #2
- axon terminal
- where neurotransmitters are located
- -70mV
- Vm at rest
- neuron #3
- cell body in ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus, travels through internal capsule to primary sensory cortex
- deposition
- osteoblast activity
- spatial summation
- adding simultaneous graded potentials
- human growth hormone
- growth and osteogenic cells are stimulated by this substance
- epiphysis
- part of bone furthest away from the centre
- myosin crossbridges
- activity pulls thin filaments towards centre of sarcomere, power stroke
- tendon
- formed by epimysium, perimysium and endomysium
- I-band
- zone containing thin filaments only
- motor neuron
- each muscle is supplied by only one of these
- trigger zone
- site where nerve impulses are initiated
- H-zone
- zone containing thick filaments only
- occipital lobe
- vision
- myosin
- protein found in thick filaments
- myelin sheath
- membrane of the Schwann cell, wrapped around 100 times
- pia mater
- deepest layer of the meninges
- osteoporosis
- bones become more thin, decrease in estrogen in menopause
- meninges
- thin membrane located between bone and nervous tissue
- perimysium
- layer surrounding the muscle fascicles
- sensory
- afferent pathways, detect internal and external stimuli
- action potential
- spread of positive charge accountd for how information gets relayed down the cell membrane
- insula
- taste, smell
- ligand
- molecule that can bind to another molecule
- declarative memory
- requires conscious attention for recall
- motor end plate
- muscle fiber part of NMJ, ACh receptor
- neuron #2
- cell body is in the medulla, crosses in medulla and terminates in the thalamus... medial lemniscus
- muscle fiber type IIa
- medium tension, medium fatiguability, medium speed
- temporal lobe
- hearing
- interventricular foramen
- flow of CSF between the lateral and 3rd ventricles
- right
- side of brain that controls the left side of the body, emotional awareness, artistic, music, mental imaging
- saltatory conduction
- developped by mammals... looks like action potential is leaping from the node