Speech Disorders
Terms
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- Specific language impairment
- developmental language disorder
- aphasia is an example of this disorder
- acquired language disorder
- R's and L's are pronounced wrong
- articulation speech disorder
-
hoarse
aphonia
disphonia - Voice speech disorders
- stuttering and cluttering
- Fluency speech disorder
- Oti tis media, middle ear infection, otisclerosis(stiff bones)...is not permanent
- conductive hearing disorder
- Age related(presbyousis) or noise induced loss....IS permanent
- sensorineural hearing disorder
-
12 - 18 breaths per cycle
includes rib cage & diaphragm movt - The respitory system
- depends on major and minor pectorals, intercostals, and diaphragm
- Inhalation
- Needs abs, obliques, and transverse abs
- Exhalation
-
priamry function is protecting the trachea
secondary is voicing
also called the voice box - larynx
-
locatted on the larynx
helps w/ swallowing - epiglottis
- pull the vocal folds apart
- laryingal abductors
- pulls the vocal cords together
- laryingal adductors
-
modifications of sound waves from larynx
includes pharynx, oral cavity(mandible, tongue), Velum, hard palate, nasal cavity - The resonance system
-
first cavity on top of larynx
facilitates passage of air/food
also important in making shapes/sounds - pharynx
- mandible determines size & tongue helps w/ flexibility in this cavity
- oral cavity
-
soft and bendable
has job of flapping close and keeping out air from your nose - velum ( soft palate )
-
velum opens and closes this
disorders would include
hyponasality - no flow of nasal air
hypernasality - too much air in cavity - velopharyngeal port
- facials, gestures, writing, sign language, posture
- non-verbal communication
-
air in the chest
decreases as cavity gets larger
increases as cavity gets smaller - pulmonary air pressure
- making specific sounds
- articulation
-
sounds that glide from one sound to another
two vowels together - dipthongs
-
can extend and shorten
made of facial muscles - lips
- brain and the spinal cord
- Central nervous system
- large part of brain w/ 2 hemishperes
- cerebrum
- ball in the back of the brain
- cerebellum
- majority of brain is responsible for emotion, intelect, problem solving, personality
- frontal lobe
- reading and writing, spacial-relations, vestibular mechanism (balnace,orientation, posture)
- Parietal lobe
- viwsion center as brain receives input it translates, helps percieve 3 dimensions, staring
- Occipital lobe
- emotional coordination, memory, language comprehension, speech, hearing
- Temporal lobe
- body of fibers that runs through the middle of the brain it lets one side of the brain know what the other is doing
- corpus callosum
-
dark rim around brain
where all cell bodies live
neurons located here(support brain act.)
everything originates here - Cortex/gray matter
-
provides channels for brain impulses to travel ( highways)
w/ the help of Myelin its quick and direct - White matter
- Below the cortex
- Subcortacal
-
Full of sensory receptors
dark - thalamus
-
subcorigal gray matter that is conected ot cerebellum
impaired movt if damaged - basal ganglia
-
located in frontal lobe
programs muscles in speech mechanism
if damaged cant speak, but can understand - Broca's area
-
located in posterior of temporal/parietal lobes
if damaged cant understand language - Wernicke's area
-
overproduction of these
ones that arent used lots are ignored - synaptic connections
-
reduced brain size
fewer cells w/i layers of cortex
smaller cerebral size
reduced metabolic act. in language - Down's syndrome
-
Therapy for 0-3 yrs.
based on fact that brain pruses and is based on experiences - Early Intervention
- Certain regions of brain are necessary for a particular skill/function
- Cerebral localization persepective
- emphasizes the interconnectedness of functinally related brain regions
- Connectionist perspective
-
Connects to the Outside world
upper section is cranial nerves - Periphereral Nervous System
- 12 pairs of nerves that enter or exit the CNS w/i the cranial space occuppied by the brain and brainstem
- Cranial nerves
-
motor brain
fine tunes movt
connected to canals for balance - cerebellum
-
coordinates of visual and auditory reflexes
controls/assists w/ eye movts and postural reflexes - Midbrain
- carries sensory and motor info that deals w/ balance and hearing
- Pons
- blends into ths spinal cord and contains life-support centers concerned w/ respiration and circulation
- Medulla
- Jaw movts and sensation in face
- Trigeminal
- facial muscles movts and sensation to the anterior 1/3 of tongue/palate
- Facial
- pharynx movts and sensation to posterior 2/3 of the tongue
- glossopharyngeal
-
motor to the laryn, pharynx, soft palate, iaphragm, and heart.
sensory to the lungs, pharynx, larynx - Vagus
- motor the the large muscles of the head, neck, and shoulders
- Accessory
- motor the the tongue and supra laryngeal muscles
- Hypoglossal
- carries info from the brain out to the body and from body to brain
- spinal cord
- the essence of sound
- motion
- molecules bunch close together
- compression
- moleculs spread apart and return to normal locations
- rarefaction
- rate of vibration
- frequency
-
loudness
measured in decibels - intensity
- pure tone w/ one frequency, not natural
- sine wave
-
more than 1 frequency
more irregular but 3 cycles - complex waveform
- completely random noice containing all frequencies w/ no cycle
- white noise
-
visually represents sound over a duration of time
dark bands are vowels - spectrogram
- sounds
- phoneme
- tempo, rhythm, and intonation with which the sounds and words are spoken
- prosody
-
will identify children who disarticulate but wont identify problem of study it
should be natural speech - screening
- designed to test most diffucult sounds for children
- articulation test
- weakness, parylasis, slowness, incoordination, sensory loss, hypernasal, disturbed cvoice quality, abnormal prosody
- Dysarthria
- no muscle weakness or paralysis, lesion in brain where motor movt is, speech inconsistent
- Apraxia
-
four articulation errors
fisha for fish
dith for dish
ba for ball
lisp -
addition
substitution
ommission
distortion -
deletion of final consonant
deletion of unstressed syllable
cluster reduction - Syllable - simplification processes
-
Regressive assimilation
progressive assimilation - assimilation processes
-
stopping
fronting - substitution processes
-
either side of midline of upper lip to right/left of bone that holds upper front teeth and along the midline of velum or hard palate
Fusing - Clefting
-
a number of motor sensory conditions that result from damage to or imperfect development of the CNS
motor delay - Cerebral Palsy
-
Severe tightness of muscles
respirator and voice breaks/very unclear - Spasticity
-
Involuntary muscle contractions
monotone voice - Athetosis
-
lack of balance, severe problems w/ coordinatin movt's
speech is slurred (drunken) - Ataxia
-
vegatative sounds
cry undifferentiated
very little tongue movt
loves contrast/human face - Reflexive vocalizations/phonation stage/preverbal stage
-
velar sounds predominate
tongue only goes in and out
any vowel sounds are in back
larynx is sitting high - Cooing and Gooing Stage
-
volume and intonation variation
tongue out
smiles initially
babbling is emerging/more control
percieve segments of speech
like rasberries/whispering - Vocal Play/Expansion Stage
-
consonant vowel
repeat same sequence
larynx dropping
sitting unassisted
JOINT REFERENCE
using gestures - Canonical Babbling stage/reduplicated
-
sounds like nonsense but carries intonation of our language
last step before first word - Jargon stage/variegated babbling
- All means by which info is transmitted between a sender and a receiver
- communication
- involves the coding of meaning into a system of arbitrary symbols recognized by the community
- language
- includes awareness of sound, distinguish among sounds, processing sounds that occur at a rapid rate
- hearing
-
pbdtkg
brief cessation of airflow followed by sudden release of sound - sound/plosive
- paired consanants w/ same manner and place of production, but differ in dimension of voicing
- cognates
-
f,v, s, z, h
articulators forming a tight constriction that produces some audible noice from the airflow - fricatives
-
all 9 fricatives
can go on as long as airflow is present - continuants
- combinatons of a stop and a fricative
- affricate
-
m,n,nj
velopharyngeal port open - nasal
- r,l
- liquids/laterals
-
w,j
semivowels that are consonants b/c of added constriction - Glide
- grouped by place of articulation, manner, voiced/unvoiced
- consonants
- position and height of tongue and configuration of the lips
- vowels