Objective Test Review
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- Treaty of Paris (1763)
- Ended the Seven Days War. France lost all of its territory in North America but kept its valuable sugar islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique. Spain relinquished Florida but got French territory west of the Mississippi and New Orleans.
- Cotton Mather
- Puritan minister who had helped aggravate the Salem witch hysteria and encouraged a Boston doctor, Zabdiel Boylston, to test inoculation.
- Quakers
- a radical protestant sect born in the turmoil of the Englsh Civil War. Reformers who believed that the Church of England was corrupt and should be purified of its rituals, decorations, and hierarchy.
- John Locke
- English philosopher. In An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690) he set out the principles of empiricism, and his Two Treatises on Government (1690) influenced the Declaration of Independence.
- War of the Spanish Succession
- War between French and Spanish vs. English, Dutch, and Austrians that spilled into the colonies.
- Franciscans
- spanish missionaries who were responsible for establishing missions along the Californian coast and helping Pueblo Indians
- Columbian Exchange
- included transmission of disease, knowledge about food and technology, and culture. Between Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans
- James Oglethorpe
- Along with John Viscount, Oglethorpe received a charter to colonize Georgia, the last of the British mainland colonies. He later lead an unsuccessful attempt to take control of Florida from the Spanish.
- Benjamin Franklin
- American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.
- Stono Uprising
- A revolt of enslaved Africans against their owners near the Stono River in South Carolina.
- Gullah
- Creole tongue/language
- The Enlightment
- A philosophical movement of the 18th century that emphasized the use of reason to scrutinize previously accepted doctrines and traditions and that brought about many humanitarian reforms.
- midwives
- women who attended childbirth, treated the ill, and prescribed herbal remedies
- Pontiac
- leader of the Ottawas who led a pan-Indian assault on British garrisons
- Ulster Scots/Scots-Irish
- migrated during the 1600s from Scotland to northern Ireland. When their leases expired landlords raised rents so they left for the colonies. Achieved a reputation as tough defenders of the frontier.
- New Lights and Old Lights
- division of religion as a result of the Great Awakening. New Lights:emotional salvaton. Old Lights: traditional calvinist principle of rational puritans and limited theocracy
- Paxton Boys
- In an attempt to gain greater protection from Indian attacks in the Ohio Country, the "Paxton Boys" of Lancaster County murdered a number of Christian Indians at Conestoga, then marched on Philadelphia. By the time they reached the capital, the legislature had passed a bill providing them 1,000 more troops to help defend the frontier.
- Proclamation of 1763
- In an attempt to keep white settlers out of the Ohio Valley, the Proclamation of 1763 drew a line along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains from Maine to Georgia and required all colonists to move east of the line.
- Lord Baltimore
- Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore. First proprietor of the Maryland colony
- headrights
- a method of distributing land: 100 acres of land to those who came before 1616 and 50 acres to those who came after. Settlers who paid their own way recieved land immediately.
- Separatists
- Pilgrim Puritans who abandoned hope that the Anglican Church could be reformed.
- Great Awakening
- An immense religious revival that swept across the Protestant world. Ministers called for the renewal of Calvinist beliefs in a series of revivals. Shattered the existing church structure of the colonies as congregations wakened to the teachings and vigorous preaching style of revivalist, New Light, ministers.
- Louisbourg
- controlled access to the St. Lawrence River
- maize
- Indian corn, higher yields spurred population growth and a greater division in labor
- Bacon's Rebellion
- led by Nathaniel Bacon. A group of landless freemen attacked neigboring Indians and burned Jamestown in an attempt to gain land and greater participation in the Virginian government.
- virtual representation
- Parliament represented all of the people of the empire whether they elected delegates or not.
- Ferdinad Magellan
- portuguese, convinced King Charles I of Spain that he could sail around the cape of South America. Commanded 1st circumnavigation of the globe
- Puritans
- demanded purification of the Anglcan Church
- Navigation Acts
- all goods brought to England or its colonies from Asia, Africa, or America must be carried on English ships. Gosds shipped from other nations tothe English colonies had to go to England first.
- George Whitefield
- Anglican minister who preached in America, called the Great Itenerant.
- Governor Berkeley
- removed as Virginia governor but regained power after Nathaniel Bacon died. Ended Bacon's Rebellion.