Kidneys
Terms
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- Where do renal arteries and veins enter the kidney?
- at the hilus
- What else enter at the hilus?
- Blood vessels & ureter enter and exit hilus
- What is the purpose of the renal capsule?
- transparent membrane, maintains shape
- What is the adipose capsule?
- helps protect kidney from trauma
- what is the renal fascia?
- dense, irregular connective tissue that holds kidney against back body wall to reduce jarring
- kidneys receive 25% of resting cardiac output from where?
- renal arteries
- Which capillaries promote where filtration occurs?
- glomerular caps
- which capillaries carry away reabsorbed substances from filtrate?
- peritubular capillaries
- What supplies nutrients to the medulla?
- vasa recta
- What capillary carries nutrients to the medula?
- vasa recta
- What regulates blood flow & renal resistance by altering arterioles?
- Sympathetic vasomotor nerves
- What capillaries are formed between the afferent & efferent arterioles?
- Glomerular capillaries
- What gives rise to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta?
- Efferent arterioles
- What maintains the shape of kidneys?
- reticular tissue
- What comes out of the interlobar arteries?
- afferent arterioles
- what gives rise to peritubular capillaries and vasa recta?
- efferent arterioles
- Whats bigger? Afferent or efferent arterioles?
- afferent
- What is the site of plasma filtration?
- Renal corpuscle
- What are partitions of the renal corpuscle? what are their functions?
-
glomerulus (capillaries where filtration occurs
glomerular (BowmanÂ’s) capsule is double-walled epithelial cup that collects filtrate - Where do collecting ducts and papillary ducts drain urine to?
- renal pelvis and ureter
- What is 80-85% of nephrons?
- cortical nephrons
- Where do renal corpuscles lie?
- in outer cortex
- Where do loops of Henle lie?
- mainly in the cortex
- 15-20% of nephrons are what?
- juxtamedullary nephrons
- What allows the excretion of dilute/concentrated urine?
- Corpuscles close to medulla and loops of Henle extend into deepest medulla
- What cells of the renal corpuscle cover capillaries to form visceral layer?
- podocytes
- What cells of the renal corpuscle form parietal layer of capsule?
- simple squamous
- How do glomerular capillaries arise?
- from afferent arteriole & form a ball before emptying into efferent arteriole
- What is the structure in which afferent arteriole makes contact with ascending limb of loop of Henle
- Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
- How do you increase the number of nephrons?
- increasing kidney size
- Can nephrons be replaced if injured?
- nope
- How much must nephrons decline before dysfunction becomes evident?
- 25%
- What happens when you remove a kidney?
- it enlarges until it can filter at 80% of normal rate of 2 kidneys
- What are the three functions of Nephrons and collecting ducts?
-
glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion - This process has a portion of the blood plasma filtered into the kidney
- glomerular filtration
- In this process H2O & useful substances are reabsorbed into blood
- tubular reabsorption
- In this process wastes are removed from blood & secreted into urine
- tubular secretion
-
In this type of filtration, the filtration fraction is 20% of plasma
48 Gallons/day and filtrate reabsorbed to 1-2 qt. urine; blood pressure produces this filtrate - glomerular filtration
- Why is glomerular capillary BP is high ?
- due to small size of efferent arteriole
- What are the important functions of filtration membrane?
-
#1 Stops all cells and platelets
#2 Stops large plasma proteins
#3 Stops medium-sized proteins, not small ones - What maintains blood osmolarity?
- albumins
- total pressure that promotes filtration
- NFP
- NFP
- GBHP - (CHP + BCOP) = 10mm Hg
- What is noted of ureters?
- Retroperitoneal
- Where is the urinary bladder located?
-
it is posterior to the pubic symphysis
it is anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus in females
it is anterior to the rectum in males - How many mL can the urinary bladder hold?
- 700-800 mL
- What is a trigone?
- a smooth flat area bordered by 2 ureteral openings and one urethral opening
- What does micturition mean?
- urination
- When do stretch receptors signal spinal cord and brain?
- when volume exceeds 200-400 mL
- Where does the urethra pass in the female?
- only the urogenital diaphragm
- Where does the urethra in males pass?
- prostate gland, urogenital diaphragm & penis (length varies; prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethra