PCAT Biology The Basis Of Life "Biochemistry"
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- What elements are all living things composed of?
- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus
- Traces of magnesium, iodine, iron, calcium, and other minerals are also components of ________, the substance of life.
- protoplasm
- The unit of an element.
- atom
- The unit of a compound.
- moelcule.
- Inorganic compounds.
- compounds that do not contain the element carbon including salts and HCl
- How are carbohydrates composed? (chemically)
- Carbohydrates are composed of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a 1:2:1 ratio, respectively.
- What are carbohydrates used for?
- The are used as storage forms of energy or as structural molecules.
-
Name 2 carbohydrates that store energy in animals?
Name 1 that stores energy in plants? -
1. Glucose, glycogen.
2. Starch. - Define monosaccharides.
- Single sugar subunits.
-
Draw the structural formulas for these monosaccharides:
D-Fructose, D-Glucose, D-Galactose, D-Mannose - look on page 94
- Define Disaccharides.
- Disaccharides such as maltose and sucrose are composed of two monosaccharide subunits joined by dehydration synthesis, which involves loss of a water molecule.
- Define dehydration sythesis.
- Loss of a water molecule.
- Look at figure 7.2. page 95
- Look at figure 7.2. page 95
- Define Polysaccharides.
- Polysaccharides are polymers or chains fo repeating monosaccharides subunits.
- Are glycogen and starch Polysaccharides or Monosaccharides?
- Polysaccharides.
- Cellulose
- a structural polysaccharide that serves a structural role in planes (cell wall)
- Look at figure 7.3 pg 95.
- Look at figure 7.3 pg 95.
- Is cellulose soluble in water? Is starch soluble in water?
- Both are insoluble.
- Dehydration
- Polysaccharides are formed by removing water
- Hydrolysis
- By adding water, large polymers can be broken down into smaller subunits in a process called hydrolysis.
- What does a lipid consist of?
- 3 fatty acid molecules bonded toa single glycerol backbone.
- How are lipids composed (chemical structure)?
- composed of C,H, and O, just like carbohydrates but their H:O ratio is much greater than 2:1 because they have much more H than O.
- Fatty acids have long carbon chains that give them their ______ (fatty) character and ________ acid groups that make them acidic.
-
1. hydrophobic
2. carboxylic - What reaction is required to form one fat molecule?
- Three dehydration reactions
- Do lipids form polymers?
- no
- What is the chief means of food storage in animals?
- Lipids
- Lipids provide insulation and protection against injury because they are a major component of fatty _____ tissue.
- adipose
- Descirbe the chemical structure of Phospholipids
- Conatin glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and nitrogen containing alcohol.
- Describe the chemical structure of waxes. (lipid derivative)
- Esters of fatty acids and monodyroxylic alcohols.
- Steroids (lipid derivative)
- three fused cyclocheaxen rings and one fused cyclopentane ring
- Describe the chemical structure of Carotenoids)
- fatty acid-like carbon chains containing conjugated double bonds and carrying six-membered carbon rings at each end
- compounds that are the pigments that produce red, yellow, orange, and brown colors in plants and animals. Also name 2 subgroups
-
1. Carotenoids
2. Carotenes, Xanthophylls - Describe the chemical structure of Porphyrins (lipid derivatives)
- Also called tetrapyrroles, contain four joined pyrrole rings. They are often complexed with a metal.
- __________ are polymers of amino acids.
- proteins
- What are proteins composed of?
- C,H,O, and N, but may aslo contain phosphorus and sulfur.
- Amino acids are joined by _______ through ________ reactions.
-
1. peptide bonds
2. dehydration reactions - polypeptide is another term for ________
- protein
- Chains of peptide bonds produce a polymer called a _________
- polypeptide or simply peptide
- The sequence of amino acids in a protein is referred to as the ___________
- 1st degree/primary structure
- Describe the second degree, secondary structure of proteins
- proteins can coil or fold to form helices and b-pleated sheets
- Simple proteins
- composed entirely of amino acids
-
primarily globular in nature.
They are functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes - albumins and globulins
- Fibrous protein in nature and act as structural proteins. Collagen is one of these.
- scleroproteins
- These proteins contain a simple protein portion plus at least one nonprotein fraction
- conjugated proteins
- protein bound to lipid
- lipoproteins
- protein bound to carbohydrate
- mucoproteins
- protein bound to pigmented molecules
- chromoproteins
- protein complexed around a metal ion
- metalloproteins
- protein containin ghistone or protamine (nuclear protein) bound to nucleic acids
- nucleoproteins
- These are proteins that function as chemical messengers secreted into circulation. Insulin and ACTH are these protein.
- Hormones
- These are biological ctalysts that act by increasing the reate of chemical reactions important for biological functions (amylase, lipase, ATPase)
- enzymes
- these contribute to the physcial support of a cell or tissue. They may be extracellular (collagen in cartilage, bone, and tendons) or intracellular (proteins in cell membranes)
- structural proteins
- These are carriers of important materials. For example, hemoglobin carrier oxygen in the circulation, and the cytochromes carry electrons during cellular respiration.
- transport proteins
- these bind to foreign paticles (antigens), including disease-causing organisms, that have entered the body
- antibodies
- Organic catalysts
- enzymes
- What is a catalyst?
- any substance that affects the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed.
- Enzymes are crucial to living thigns because all living systems must have ________ chemical activity.
- continuous-controlled
- how are enzymes and metabolism connected.
- Enzymes regulate metabolism by speeding up or slowing down certain chemical reactions. They affect the reacticon rate by decreasing the activation energy.
- Many enzymes are conjugated proteins and have a non proten _______ . In these cases, both components must be present of rthe enzyme to function.
- coenzymes.
- Enzymes are very ______ they may catalyze only one reaction or one specific class of closely related reactions.
- selective
- Name Richard Simmon's boyfriend.
- Dr. Summers