Psych 101 Midterm 2
Terms
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- Social Psychology
- How social rules, attitudes, relationships and group influence people to do things they wouldn't normally
- Cultural Psychology
- Study the broader influence of culture and ethnicity on roles and relationships in society
- Social Norms
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Rules about how we are supposed to act
They are enforced by punishment and reward - Social Rules
- Positions people fill that are regulated by norms, such as gender, occupational, family roles
- Milgrams Obedience Study
- Looked at obedience to authority figures - shock tests, people often obeyed
- Stanford Prison Study
- People actually took on these rules
- Why do we obey?
- Want to be polite, Allocate responsibility to authority, Routinizing the task, entrappment
- Attribution Theory
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Explanation of the behavior of ourselves and others
Situational - environment explains problem
Dispositional - action of something in the person - Fundamental attribution error
- We tend to overestimate personality traits, and blame the person, not the situtation
- Attitudes... Explicit and Implicit
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Attitudes are a belief and feelings about people, events and objects
Explicit - we are aware of our attitudes
Implicit - we are unaware - Self-Serving Bias
- We are more likely to take credit for good actions and let situations account for our failures
- Just-World Hypothesis
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Attributions are affected by the need to think that the world is fair
Blame the victim of rape for wearing short skirt - Familiarity Effect
- Seeing the same thing repeatedly increases positive feelings towards it
- Validity Effect
- Tendency to believe that a statement is true or valid simply because it has been repeated many times
- Conformity
- Taking action or adopting attitudes as a result of real or imagined group pressure
- Group Think
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The tendency to think alike and suppress dissent in a group
Illusion of invulnerability - group believes it 100% correct
Self-censorship- dissenters keep quiet to avoid trouble
Pressure on dissenters to confirm
Illusion of unanimity - consenus - Diffusion of responsbility
- tendency of members of a group to avoid taking action because they assume other will
- Social Loafing
- Tendency for a people working in a group to exert less effort
- Deindividuation
- In groups or crowds, the loss of awareness of one's own individuilty
- Social Facilitation
- Improves performance in the presense of others - only works for taskes we are already good at
- Prejudice
- Negative stereotype and strong unreasonably dilike of a group
- Psychological Functions
- Wards off feeling of doubt and fear - use target as scapegoat for your problems or trouble
- Stereotype
- A cognitive schema or a summary impression of a group in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait
- Motivation
- An inferred process within a person or animal that causes movement either toward a goal or away from an unpleasant sitation
- Intrinsic motivation
- Desire to do something for it's own sake and for the internal pleasure it provides
- Extrinsic motivation
- Desire to do something for the sake of external rewards
- Motives for love
- Need for affiliation
- Proximity
- Tend to fall in love with people near to you in location
- Similarity
- choose friends and loved ones who share attitudes, beliefs, values
- Passionate Love
-
Turmoil of intense emotions and sexual tension
Crushes, infatuations - Companionate Love
- Characterized by affection and trust
- Sternberg created what?
- The triangle theory of love
- Attachment theory of love
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Secure - rarely jealous or worried about being abandoned
Avoidant - Distrust and avoid intimate attachments
Anvious-ambivalent - always agitated about their relationships..seek imtimacy but worry about abandonment - Attachment theory based on how parents cared for you
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Secure results from - warm close relationship with parents
Anxious-ambivalent - parents are both kind and harsh
Avoidant - parents very negative - Biology of desire
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HORMONES! Testosterone..hormones affect behavior, but behavior also affects hormones. Also, psychological factors are just as important
Evoluntionary view says men are selected to inseminate as many females as possible - Motives for Sex
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Partner Approval
Peer Approval
Ehancement
Intimacy
Coping
Self-affirmation - As age increases...
- Intamcy and self-enhancement increases and peer or partner approval decreases
- Sexual Scripts
- Set of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation
- Sexual Orintation
- Mix of biological, environmental, cultural and other experiences
- Glucose
- Form of sugar that when in low levels we feel hungry
- % Heritability of weight
- 40-70%
- Set Point
- The genetically influence weight range for an individual, maintained by biological mechanisms that regulate food intake, fat reerves and metabolism
- Baseal Metabolism Rate
- Rate that body burns calories
- Fat Cells
- Store fat for energy, can change in size, but not in number
- Bulimia
- An eating disorder characterized by episodes of excessive eating, followed by force vomiting
- Anorexia
- eating disorder characterized by fear of being fat, a distorted body image, radically reduced comsumption of food and emaciation
- TAT
- test to measure strenght of motivation, by McClelland
- Goals best when..
- challenging but acheivable
- Performance Goals
- framed in terms of performing well in front of others
- Mastery Goals
- framed in terms of increasing one's competence and skills
- Self-efficancy
- A person's belief that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and reaching goals
- Maslows Pyramid of Needs
- First Physiological needs, then safey needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization
- Approach-Approach conflict
- Equally attracted to two activities or goals
- Avoidance-Avoidance conflict
- Choosing between the lesser of the evils
- Approach-avoidance conflict
- one activity or goal has both postivie and negative elements
- Germinal Stage
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Conception - 14 days
Zygote -(fertilized Egg) divides and attaches to the uterus
Implatation - Embryonic Stage
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14 days to 8 weeks
Sexual Differentation
Testosterone secretion - Fetal Stage
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8 weeks to birth
Further organ and nervous system development
Brain and NS develop most in last 12 weeks - Premature Birth
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Less physically and cognitively developed
Up to 2 months early still has fighting chance - Teratogens
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Noxious substance or factors that can disrupts prenatal development
X-rays: Disrupts development of brain cells
Drugs - Abnormal physical and psychological development
Alchohol - Mental retardation, facial disfigurement
Diseases - STDs, measles - Infancy
- Birthy - 2 years
- Motor Reflexes
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Rooting Reflex - look for nipple when cheek is touched
Moro Reflex - Cling inward when falling - Perception
- Newborns can't focus on distance objects
- Contact Comfort
- Being touched and held effect us emotionally and physically
- Harlows Monkeys
- Babies monkeys much perferred soft mommy
- Mary Ainsworth
- Categorized the types of attachments between infant and caregiver
- Separation Anxiety
- When primary caregiver leaves baby or young child
- Secure Attachment
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Use caregiver as a secure base to explore - Reference caregiver when stranger arrives
Likely has caregiver that are constantly available - Insecure-Avoidance Attachment
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Little regarder for caregiver, no referencing, often treat stranger like caregiver, no distress when caregiver leaves, Indifferent to caregivers return
Likely has caregiver that does not meet proximity seeking needs - Insecure-Anxious or Ambivalent Attachment
- Cling to caregiver and do not explore, extreme distress when caregiver leaves, likely has caregivers that are inconsistently available
- Cognitive Development
- How we acquire knowledge and understand the world during our lives
- Jean Piaget
- Examined the strategies children used to think and solve problems
- Schemas
- Mental network of associations, beliefs, and experiences about categories of things and people
- Assimilation
- Fit new information into and existing schema....example dogs
- Accommodation
- Modifying an exsiting schema in response to new information of experience
- Sensorimotor Stage
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Birth to 2 years
Learn through concrete actions - touching, hearing, looking
Coordinate senory experience and motor behavior - Object Permanence
- Something continues to exist even if you cannot see or touch it
- Symbolic Thought
- Story about a dog, baby will point to dog
- Preoperation stage
-
2 to 7 years
Language more sophisticated but still have trouble with mental manipulation of information - Animisn
- Inanimate objects have lifelike qualities (in preoperationl stage)
- Egocentrism
- See the world only through their own perspective - in preoperational stage
- Conservation
- Physical properties do not change even when their form or appearance does - cannot be grasped by children in preoperational stage
- Concrete Operational
- (7-11) years - Child learns to logically reason about objects. Understands conservation
- Formal Operational
- 12-Adulthood, think in more abstract, idealistic and locial way
- Kohlberg
- Theorist on moral development
- Preconverntial Stage
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Children has not internalized moral values
Guided by rewards and punishments - Conventional Stage
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Importance of following societies rules and norms
Maintain social order, law, justice and duty - Post-Conventional Stage
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Moral development is completely internalized
Thinks that certain laws or morals are themsleves unjust and must be changed - Gender Typing
- Societies ideas about what abilities traits and behaviors are masculine or feminine
- Adolescene
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Period of Development between puberty and adulthood - Physiological changes - increase of androgens in boys, estrogens in girls
Maturation of sex organs and apparance of secondary secondary characteristics - Erikson's Stages of Development - Trust vs. Mistrust
- Birth to 1 year - Treatment by caregivers creates trust in a good world
- Erikson's Stages of Development - Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
- 1-3 years - Child is allowed to make independent decisions or is made to feel ashamed/full of doubt about own decisions
- Erikson's Stages of Development - Initiation vs. guilt
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3-6 years
Child either develops own purpose/direction or is made to feel guilty by overly controlling caregivers - Erikson's Stages of Development - Industy vs. Inferiority
- 6 to 11 years - Child either feels competent working with others or inferior
- Erikson's Stages of Development - Intimacy vs. Isoltation
- Young adulthood - Forming deep/intimate relationships with others or becoming socially isolated
- Erikson's Stages of Development - Generativity vs. Self-absorption
- 40-65 years - Determining what to leave behind for future generations or failing to grasp a sense of meaning in life
- Erikson's Stages of Development - Integrity vs. Dispair
- 65 and up - Feeling that life was worthwhile of feeling despair about one's life and fearing death
- Personality
- A set of Characterisitcs, emotional responces, thougths and behavior
- Psychodynamic
- Role of unconscios in personality
- Trait
- A characteristic pattern of behavior
- Social-Cognitive
- Interactions between persons on their environments
- Humanistic
- Role of personal experiences and personal growth
- Freud Structure of Personality
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Conscious - Acute awareness
Preconscious - just under awareness, easily known
Unconscious - Well below awareness, difficult to know but very influential - Ego
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Partly Conscious and unconscious
Functions on reality principles
Balances demands of id and superego - Id
- Completely unconscious or submerged - Functions on pleasure principle; immediate gratification of needs to reduce tension and discomfort
- Superego
- Centered in the pre-conscious; functions on more idealistic principle; our moral guide/conscience
- Repression
- Blocking out/prevention of anxiety, forcing anxiety back into the unconscious
- Rationalization
- Concocting a seemingly logical reason or excuse for a behavior that would otherwise be shameful or innapropiate
- Projection
- Attribution unaccptable quialities of the self to someone else
- Displacement
- Direct Emotions towards things, animals, or others that are not the real objects of their feelings
- Sublimation
- Channeling impulses into constructive or admiable behavior
- Reaction Formation
- Warding off uncomfortable thoughts by overemphasizing the opposite
- Regression
- Person reverts to a previous phase of psychological development
- Oral Stage
- Birth to one year - Gratification is centered around the mouth
- Anal Stage
- 2 to 3 years - Gratification is centered around the pleasure of defecation
- Phallic stage
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3 to 6 years - Awareness of genitals at this time
Oedipus Complex - desire towards same sex parent
Electra Complex - Girls discover that they do not have a penis and want one - Latency
- 6 to puberty; Sexual urges are repressed and transformed into socially acceptable activities
- Genital
- Puberty-Adulthood; successful resolution and development into a mature sexual relationship
- Frued's theory sparked...
- Psychoanalysis...whoo hoo!
- Rorschack Inkblots
- We we see reflects our inner feelings and conflicts
- Thematic Apperception Tests
- Asked to make up dramatic story about a picture; effective in identifying motivational states
- Trait Theory
- Focus not on precesses that shape our personality but the extent to which individuals differ in their personality dispositions
- Allport's Trait Theory - Cardinal traits
- Affect every area of individuals life
- Allport's Trait Theory - Central Traits
- Influence many aspects of our lives, but not quite as pervasive
- Allport's Trait Theory - Secondary traits
- Affect narrower aspects of our lives - like favorite food being ice cream
- Temperaments
- Physciological dispositions to respond to the envirnoment in certain ways
- Heritablility
- Proportion of the total variance in a trait that is attributable to a genetic variation in a group
- Internal Locus of Control
- The perception that one controls one's own fate
- External locus of control
- The perception that outside forces determine one's fate
- Humanistic Theory
- Approach that emphasized personal growth, resilience and the achievement of human potential