Learning & Behavior 2
Terms
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- Phobias develop because of which type of learning?
- classical conditioning
- which type of conditioning is most effective?
- when CS overlaps w/UCS (delayed conditioning)
- classical conditioning focuses on ____ behaviors while operant conditioning focuses on ____ behaviors
-
- involuntary
- voluntary - behavior increasing when attempting to extinguish it is known as
- extinction burst
- extinguised behavior restarting when R+ presented is known as
- spontaneous recovery
- chaining is done with ___ behaviors while shaping is done with ____ behaviors
-
- complex
- simple - short term memory is also known as ___ while long term memory is known as ___
-
- primary memory
- secondary memory -
The two types of LTM are:
The are also called:
Which one is within your awareness/consciousness? -
- explicit (conscious)- declarative
- implicit (unconscious)- procedural - The 2 types of declarative memories are:
- - semantic (facts & logic) and episodic (personal experiences)
- metacognition develops within which Piaget stage
- formal operational
- what are the 2 types of forgetting?
-
retroactive inhibition- new info. cause you to forget old info.
proactive inhibition- old info. cause you to forget new info. -
Thorndike's 3 laws are:
Define them... -
-law of effect- responses followed by satisfaction will be repeated
-law of exercise- repeated responses will become bonded to a stimulus
-law of readiness- organism must be ready to perform -
3 Techniques that are based on counterconditioning:
what is another name used? -
-systematic desensitization
-assertiveness training
-sensate focus
-reciprocal inhibition - 2 techniques based on extinction:
-
-flooding
-implosive therapy - how are flooding and implosive therapy similar? how are they different?
-
-similar because exposure to stimuli while preventing avoidance
-different because implosive is imaginal and psychodynamically focused -
2 techniques based on aversive conditioning:
which is least effective and why? -
-invivo aversive conditioning
-covert sensitization
-covert least effective because it's imaginal - give an example of aversive conditioning...
- giving antabuse to alcoholics
- depressed people attribute their situation to what 3 things
- internal, stable, & global factors
- what is thinning?
- switching from continous R+ to intermittent R+
- Which R+ interval leads to lowest rate of responding & lowest resistance to extinction? Which R+ interval leads to highest rate of responding & highest resistance to extinction? Give example of each...
-
-fixed interval (e.g., paycheck)
-variable ratio (e.g., gambling) - Negative R+ leads to what 2 things...
- -escape & avoidance
- According to Mowrer's 2 factor theory how is classical conditioning related to avoidance?
- things associated w/aversiveness are avoided
- According to Mowrer's 2 factor theory how is operant conditioning related to avoidance?
- avoidance is a (-)R+ because anxiety decreases when certain things avoided
- a discriminative stimulus is...
- cue that behavior will be R+
- a s-delta stimulus is...
- cue that behavior will NOT be R+
- 2 techniques based on R+ are?
-
-shaping
-premack principle - 4 techniques based on punishment are?
-
-time out
-overcorrection
-reponse cost
-differntial R+ - what is the zeigarnik effect?
- better memory for incomplete tasks
- What did Harlow state is important for learning?
- need to explore/curiousity
-
What is the Yerkes-Dobson Law?
When is arousal optimal? -
-relationship between arousal and performance is U shaped
-high for simple tasks, low for complex tasks - which memory tells you how to do things - procedural or declarative? which memory is difficult to forget?
-
-procedural
-procedural - what is a flashbulb memory?
- detailed memory of emotionally charged events
- which amnesia is most rare and is a sign of psychological not physiological impairment?
- retrograde (can't remember things before the traumatic event)
-
what is photographic memory?
what is another name for it? is it more common in children or adults? -
mental picture
eidetic
children -
what is overlearning?
what is it most helpful for? -
-rehearsing something beyond mastery
-simple tasks - what helps people not to forget newly learned info.?
- sleep
- Large amounts of information can be kept in short-term memory through the use of...
- chunking
- tension-reduction hypothesis proposed that alcohol consumption is due to?
- conditioning
- What does the NIMH call the aging effect?
- Age-Associated Memory Impairment