BioChem: Cells and Fractionation
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- How many amino acids make up a protein?
- -20 common amino acids
- What are the three main constituents of amino acids?
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-carboxylate group
-amino group
-side chain (R) - What are the base units of pholysaccharides?
-
Saccharide monomers
Carbohydrates (also known as saccharides) - What are nucleotide moners composed of?
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-a five-carbon sugar
-a heterocyclic nitrogenous base
-phosphate groups - What are polynucleotides?
- -nucleic acid biopolymers that are composed of nucleotide monomers
- What makes up lipids (compared to CHO's)?
- -carbon and hydrogen, but less oxygen
- What are the simplest lipids known as? What do they look like?
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-Fatty acids
-long chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylate group at one end. Often components of glycerophospholipids - What is the definition of a gunctional group?
- -the specific parts of molecules involved in biochemical reactions
- What are the components of a prokaryotic cell?
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-cell membrane
-cytoplasm
-ribosomes
-nucleoid *No enclosed nucleus!
-motile unit (flagella/Pili) - What are the components of a eukaryotic cell?
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-nucleus
-ER
-Golgi apparatus
-mitochondria/chloroplasts
-other vesicles - What part of the eukaryote cell is continuous with the nuclear envelope?
- -ER
- What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
- -network of membrane sheets and tubules extending from the nucleus
- What is the Golgi apparatus?
- -responsible for modification and sorting of some biomolecules
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What are mitochondria?
Chloroplasts? -
-the main sites of energy transduction in aerobic cells
-sites of photosynthesis in plants, green algae - What do chloroplasts consist of?
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-granum
-outer and inner membrane
-stroma
-thylakoid membrane - What are lysosomes?
- -contain specialized digestive enzymes
- What are peroxisomes?
- -carry out oxidative reactions in animal and plant cells
- What are vacuoles?
- -fluid-filled vesicles, used as storage sites for water, ions, and nutrients such as glucose
- What are the "strings" that make up the cytoskeleton?
-
-actin filaments which form ropelike threads
-microtubules which are rigid fibers and packed into bundles - What are microtubules used for?
-
-an internal skeleton
-form the mitotic spindle during mitosis
-form movement structures such as flagella and cilia - What is the broad procedure of cellular fractionation?
-
-homogenize cell to release contents
-separate (or fraction) using different methods such as centrifugation
-depending on speed (g force), items separate uniquely - What is the equation for G-force?
- F =(1.119 E^-5)(rpm)^2 * r