Biochem Chapter 1
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- mutation
- an inheritable change in the nucleotide sequence of a chromosome
- metabolism
- The entire set of enzyme-catalyzed transformations of organic molecules in living cells; the sum of anabolism and catabolism
- catabolism
- the phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-yielding degradation of nutrient molecules
- anabolism
- the phase of intermediary metabolism concerned with the energy-requiring biosynthesis of cell components from smaller precursors
- activation energy
- the amount of engery (in joules) required to convert all the molecules in 1 mole of a reacting substance from the ground state to the transition state
- equilibrium
- the state of a system in which no further net change is occurring; the free energy is at a minimum
- exergonic reaction
- a chemical reaction that proceeds with the release of free energy (that is, for which delta G is negative
- endergonic reaction
- a chemical reaction that consumes energy (that is, for which delta G is positive
- free energy change (Delta G)
- the component of the total energy of a system that can do work at constant temp and pressure
- enthalpy
- the heat content of a system
- entropy
- the extent of randomness or disorder in a system
- conformation
- the spatial arrangement of substituent groups that are free to assume different positions in space, without breaking any bonds, because of the freedom of bond rotation
- chiral center
- an atom with substituents arranged so that the molecule is not superimposable on its mirror image
- configuration
- the spatial arrangement of an organic molecule that is conferred by the presence of either double bonds or 2 chiral centers around which sub. groups are arranged in a specific sequence
- stereoisomers
- compouds that have the same composition and the same order of atomic connections, but different molecular arrangements
- cytoskeleton
- the filamentous network providing structure and organization to the cytoplasm; includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments
- eubacteria
-
-one of the five kingdoms of living organisms
-Eubacteria have a plasma membrane but no internal organelles or nucleus - archaebacteria
-
one of five kingdoms of living organisms
- includes many species that thrive in extreme environments of high ionic strength, high temp, or low pH - prokaryote
- a bacterium; a unicellular organism with a single chromosome, no nuclear envelope and no membrane-bounded organelles
- eukaryote
- a unicellular or multicellular organism with cells having a membrane bounded nucleus, multiple chromosomes, and internal organelles
- genome
- all the genetic information encoded in a cell or virus
- nucleus
- in eukaryotes, a membrane bounded organelle that contains chromosomes
- metabolite
- a chemical intermediate in the enzyme-catalyzed reactions of metabolism