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Bio Chapter 2

Terms

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Active Transport
Net movement of dissolved substances across a cell membrane. Energy requiring from low to high concentration.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Compound containing Adenosine and 3 molecules of phosphate - major supplies produced in Mitochondria as Energy for cell.
Antigens
Compounds, usually proteins, that can trigger the immune system to respond in various ways.
Apoptosis
The natural death of cells. (programmed cell death)
Cancer
Abnormal and uncontrolled cell multiplication.
Cellular Respiration
Process of transferring energy present in organic compounds to a form usable by cells. (ATP)
Chloroplasts
Chlorophyll-containing organelles that occur in the cytosol of cells of specific plant cells.
Chromosomes
Thread-like structures composed of DNA and protei, and visible in cells during mitosis and meiosis.
Cytoskeleton
Network of filaments within a cell.
Cytosol
Fluid contents of a cell.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
Nucleic acid containing the four bases - adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. Codes genetic information of an individual.
Desmosomes
Type of cell-to-cell junction in which protein filaments span the intercellular space and hold the cells together.
Diffusion
Net movement of a substance from high to low concentration. Doesn't require energy.
Endocytosis
Bulk movement of solids or liquids into a cell by engulfment.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle consisting of a system membran-bound channels that transport substances within a cell.
Eukaryote
Cell or organism with a membrane-bound nucleus.
Exocytosis
Movement of material out of cells via vesicles in the cytoplasm.
Golgi Apparatus
Also known as Golgi Complex or Body; organelle that packages material into vesicles for export from a cell.
Golgi Complex
Organelle that packages material into vesicles for export from a cell. (Golgi Apparatus or body)
Grana
(Singular= Granum) stacks of membranes on which chlorophyll is located in chloroplasts.
Hydrophilic
Refers to a compound that dissolves easily in water, also termed polar.
Lamella
System of membranous sacs in chloroplasts; also called thylakoids.
Lipophilic
Refers to a substance that dissolves in or mixes uniformly with lipids.
Lysosomes
Membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes.
Mitochondria
(Singular= Mitochondrion) in eukaryotic cells, organelles thats are the major site of ATP production.
Nuclear Envelope
Membrane surrounding the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
Nucleus
In eukaryotic cells, a membrane-bound organelle containing the genetic material DNA.
Organelles
Structures, for example mitochondria, present in a cell and which carry out a specific function.
Osmosis
Net movement of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane and down a concentration gradient.
Partially Permeable
Describes a boundary that allows only some materials to pass through it; sometimes termed semi-permeable.
Phagocytosis
Bulk movement of solid material into cells.
Photosynthesis

Process by which plants use the radiant
energy of sunlight trapped by chlorophyll to build carbohydrates (Energy) from Carbon Dioxide and Water.
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Pinocytosis
Bulk movement of liquid into cells.
Plasma Membrane
Partially Permeable boundary of a cell separating it from its physical surrounding; boundary controlling entry to and exit of substances from a cell.
Plasmodesmata
Openings between plant cell walls through which adjacent cells are connected through cytoplasmic threads.
Primary Cell Wall
The first layer of cellulose and other polysaccharides forming the cell wall outside a newly formed plant cell.
Prokaryote
Any cell or organism without a membrane-bound nucleus.
Protein Filaments
Part of the cytoskeleton or internal framework of a cell that supply strength an support for the cell; made of different proteins and are very tough.
Proteins
Macromolecules built of amino acid sub-units and linked by peptide bonds to form a chain, sometimes termed a polypeptide; usual product of gene translation; some consist of a single polypeptide, others have two or more.
Ribosomes
Organelles containing RNA that are major sites of protein production in cells in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
Secondary Cell Walls
Walls of lignin and cellulose deposited on the primary cell wall of some plant cells after cell growth has ceased.
Stroma
In Chloroplasts, the semi-fluid substance between the grana and which contains enzymes fro some of the reactions of photosynthesis.
Thylakoids
Flattened membranous sacs in chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll.

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