250 Exam 1
Terms
- 3 layers of embryonic disk
- ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
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3 life support systems mature and develop ______
- rapidly
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What is development?
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A process of age-related changes across the lifespan
- accomodation
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children change existing knowledge systems to accommodate new info
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advantages of breast milk
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reccommended for 6 months, 1 year w/ food
- correct balance of fat and protein
- nutritional completeness
- protection against disease (mom passes antibodies)
- easily digested
- smoother transition to solid foods (bc used
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age of viability
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22-26 weeks
age at which fetus can survive if born early
50/50 chance by 25 weeks
- alcohol as teratogen
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effects same regardless of type
FAS - low birth weight, smaller brain, long term behavioral problems
- amnion
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protective sac
encases organism in amnionic fluid (cushion and temperature regulator)
- assimilation
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children incorporate new info into existing knowledge systems
- behaviorism
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watson
classical conditioning/associative learning
learning theory - development continuous
- blastocyst
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when zygote reaches uterus and attaches to wall
hollow 100-cell ball
forms layers
- c-section
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needed for breech positions, failure to progress
29% of births in 2004, most common form of major surgery
- canalization
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measure of ability of genotype to produce same phenotype regardless of same type of environment
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caspi study
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longitudinal
if have one type of serotonin gene and more stressors, more likely to be depressed
- cognitive behaviorism/social learning theory (bandura)
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observational learning (imitation)
self-efficacy - internal belief in own competency; comes from experience
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consequences of poverty
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discipline and parenting
cognitive functioning (verbal skills, academic achievement)
physical health status
socioemotional functioning
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continuous development
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gradually adding on more
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developmental neuroscience perspective
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thoughts/behaviors arise from biology (genes, hormones, etc.)
biological plasticity - biology highly influenced by environment
result of interaction between genetic inheritance, biology, and environment over time
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discontinuous development
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stages, qualitative changes (something clicks and you instantly change)
- dominant recessive
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serious disorders NOT inherited this way because natural selection weeds these alleles out before reproduction occurs
but this is a way for less lethal traits/disorders to be inherited
- ectoderm
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outermost
forms nervous system, skin, sense organs
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embryonic disk
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cells on inside become new organism
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embryonic period
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2-8 weeks
- endoderm
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inner layer
digestive system, lungs, glands
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environmental influences
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family
peers
school
neighborhood
town
socioeconomic status
larger cultural context and values
- evocative genotype/environmental correlations
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children's genotype elicits certain type of environment
child's ADD causes parents to yell
- factors that influence impact of teratogens
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duration and degree of exposure
timing of exposure
genetic predispositions
presence of other factors
- fertilization
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union of sperm and ovum
conception
occurs in fallopian tube
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fertilized egg contains __ chromosomes
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46 - 23 from each parent
- fetal period
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9th week to birth
"growth and finishing" phase
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first trimester
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physical structures become more complex
organs, muscles, nervous system organize and connect
external genitals well-formed by 12th week
fetal heartbeat audible
behavioral changes (suck thumb, make fist)
- function of crying
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babies communicate physical needs
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germinal period
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0-2 weeks
from fertilization to just before cell mass attaches to uterus wall (implantation)
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illegal drugs as teratogen
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babies born addicted, experience withdrawal
long-lasting problems: low IQ, attention problems
- implantation
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when blastocyst becomes embedded in uterine wall
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infant motor development
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cephalocaudal - head to feet (raise head before standing)
proximodistal - center out (coordination of trunk and arm precedes fingers, hands)
mass-to-specific - gross before fine (monster walk)
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information processing (computer theory)
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human mind as symbol manipulating system through which info flows
development=gradual accumulation of knowledge - not stages
focuses on two cognitive processes: metacognition and increased capacity
- LAD
- chomsky's hypothetical brain structure that enablese us to learn and produce language, a "language-generating capacity in our genetic code"
- lanugo
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white downy hair
helps vernix stick to skin
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mechanistic theories
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change stimulated by environment
PASSIVE
- mesoderm
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middle layer
forms muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, excretory system
- metacognition
- awareness and understanding of how thinking works
- miscarriages
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about 15-20% of recognized pregnancies
90% occur by 12-13 weeks
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neural tube
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from ectoderm
beginnings of spinal cord and brain
- newborn sensory capacities: sound
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prefer complex sounds like voices
can distinguish almost all sounds in human language
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newborn sensory capacities: taste/smell
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prefer sweet (like to nurse after mom has vanilla)
attracted to smell of mom's lactating breast
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newborn sensory capacities: touch
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sensitive to touch/pain at birth
touch helps stimulate emotional and physical development
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newborn sensory capacities: vision
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least mature of newborn senses
20/400, ~20/20 by 1 year
see best at 9-12"
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newborn sleep
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spend greatest amount of time sleeping - 16-18 hours/day (not in a row, wake up every 3-4 hours)
alternate between rem and non-rem
- niche-picking
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individuals seek out environments most compatible with genetic predispositions
becomes more prominent when children get older
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organismic theories
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change stimulated from within
ACTIVE
- other teratogens
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environmental pollution
infectious diseases
- ovulation
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moment during cycle when egg/ovum released from ovary
brief window for conception (egg lasts 24-48 hours; sperm last 2-6 days)
- passive genotype/environmental correlations
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parents provide environment based on own heredity
athletic parents raising children with sports
- paternal factors of teratogens
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exposure to certain toxins can lead to abnormal sperm, could lead to low birth weight or other birth defects
later paternal age linked to defects (autism)
- piaget's cognitive development theory
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child is naive active scientist
two major processes of change: assimilation and acccomodation
nature of change: learn in stages
- placenta
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partial filler
permits food and oxygen to reach organism and carries away waste
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polygenic inheritence
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multiple genes interact to produce a characteristic
this is how most psychological conditions inherited
- prescription/nonprescription drugs as teratogens
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anti-depressants
caffeine
- psychodynamic theory
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development occurs in stages
relations between three components (id, ego, superego) determine personality
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psychosocial theory
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covers lifespan - people continue to develop beyond childhood/adolesence
eight stages must be mastered to develop
emphasis on ego, not id - ego identity (who we are as individuals)
- purpose of reflexes
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adaptive response to environment
allow to assess health of baby's cns
stimulate early development of muscles and cns
survival value
precursors to later motor skills
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range of reaction
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potential variability depending on environmental conditions in the expression of a genetic trait
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risk factors of pregnancy
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maternal nutrition (can damage CNS, lower birth weight) (recommend to take multivitamin and gain 25-30 pounds)
intense emotional stress (may lead to miscarriage, low birth weight; less oxygen to fetus)
maternal age (best in 20s, older
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second trimester
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13-24 weeks
mother can feel movements
vernix and lanugo form
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six assumptions of lifespan perspective
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1. development lifelong
2. development multidimensional
3. development multidirectional
4. development plastic
5. development involves growth and maintenance
6. influences on development
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skinner's operant conditioning
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focuses on consequences of behavior
reinforcement, punishment
development continuous, not stages
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smoking as teratogen
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low birth weight
constricts blood vessels which reduces flow of nutrients to fetus
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stage 1 of labor
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cervix dilates
happens through uterine contractions
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stage 2 of labor
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fetus goes from uterus to vagina
head crowns
body emerges
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stage 3
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placenta, umbilical cord released
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stresses of poverty that weaken family
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daily hassles
frequent crises
inadequate housing
dangerous neighborhoods
fewer neighborhood resources
negative role models/few successful models
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the Apgar Scale
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used to assess newborn's physical condition on 5 criteria:
1. heart rate
2. respiratory effort
3. muscle tone
4. color
5. reflex response
ratings given at 1 and 5 minutes
score of 7-10 means good; <
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third trimester
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25-38 weeks
layer of fat develops under skin to regulate temp
change in position to prep for delivery
age of viability
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three influences on development
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normative - similar for individuals in particular age group
historical - similar for individuals in a particular generation at a memorable time in their lives
nonnormative - unusual occurances, major impact but not applicable to many peop
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three types of crying
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basic: starts softly and gradually becomes more intense (hungry, tired, uncomfortable)
mad: more intense
pain: sudden long burst, pause, gasp
- trophoblast
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outer layer of cells
develops into life-support systems (amnion, placenta, umbilical cord)
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umbilical cord
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structure that connects placenta to developing organism through which nutrients passed and waste removed
- vernix
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white cheeselike substance
protects skin from becoming chapped
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vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory
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focuses on how culture is transmitted
higher mental function grows out of social interactions and dialogues (cooperative dialogues)
cognitive development socially mediated
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why are c-sections a problem?
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major surgery = long recovery (less time/energy for baby)
expensive
not needed - doctors too cautious
- zygote
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fertilized egg
takes 3 days to travel down fallopian tube to uterus
- ______ development of body parts and systems in 2nd month
- rapid