fluid balance
Terms
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- INTRACELLULAR FLUID
- Fluid within the cells, usually high in potassium and phosphate, accounts for approximately 2/3 of the bodies water
- INTERSTITIAL FLUID
- Fluid between the cells , usually high in sodium and chloride. interstitial fluid is a large component of extracellular fluid.
- EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
- Fluid outside the cells, includes 2 main components -- the interstitial fluid and the plasma. accounts for approximately 1/3 of the bodies water.
- DEHYDRATION
- water output exceeds water input. symptoms include thirst, dryskin and mucous membranes, rapid heartbeat, low blood preasure, and weakness.
- WATER INTOXICATION
- the rare condition in which body water contents are too high in all body fluid compartments
- RENIN
- an enzyme from the kidneys that activates angiotensin
- ANGIOTENSIN
- a hormone involved in blood pessure regulation, its precursor protein is called angiotensinogen and is activated by renin an enzy from the kidneys.
- VASOCONSTRICTOR
- substance that constricts or narrows the blood vessels
- ALDOSTERONE
- hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys, also regulates chloride and potassium concentrations.
- ADRENAL GLANDS
- glands adjacent to, and just above, each kidney
- SALT
- a compound of a positive ion other thaN H+ and a negative ion other than OH, i.e. sodium chloride (Na+Cl-)
- ION
- atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons and therefore have electrical charges. i.e. Na+ or Cl-
- CATIONS
- Positively charged ions
- ANIONS
- negatively charged ions
- ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS
- solutions that can conduct electricity
- ELECTROLYTES
- salts that dissolve in water and dissociate into charged particles called ions
- SOLUTES
- the substances that are dissolved in a solution. the number of molecules in a given volume of fluid is the SOLUTE CONCENTRATION
- OSMOSIS
- the movement of water across a membrane toward the side where the soutes are more concentrated
- OSMOTIC PRESSURE
- the amount of pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across a membrane
- CARBONIC ACID
- a compound with the formula H2CO. that results from the combination of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O); of particular importance in maintaining the body's acid-base balance.
- MAJOR MINERALS
- essential mineral nutrients found in the human body in amounts larger than 5 g; sometimes called MACROMINERALS
- BINDERS
- chemical compounds in foods that combine with nutrients (especially minerals) to form complexes the body cannot absorb. i.e. phytates and oxalates.
- SODIUM
- the principal cation in the extracellular fluids of the body; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and the muscle contractions
- SALT SENSITIVITY
- a characteristic of individuals who respond to a high salt intake with an increase in blood pressure or to a low salt intake with a decrease in blood pressure
- CHLORIDE
- the major anion in the extracellular fluids of the body. Chloris is the ionic for of chlorine Cl-
- POTASSIUM
- the principal cation within the body's cells; critical to the maintenance of fluid balance, nerve impulse transmissions, and muscle contractions.
- CALCIUM
- most abundant mineral in the body; found primarily in the body's bones and teeth
- HYDROXYAPATITE
- crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
- MINERALIZATION
- the process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crysallize on the collagen matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone.
- PARATHYROID HORMONE (PARATHORMONE)
- a hormone from the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium by raising it when levels fall too low
- CALCITONIN
- a hormone cecreted by the thyroid gland that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels rise too high.
- CALCIUM RIGOR
- hardness or stiffness of the muscles caused by high blood calcium concentrations
- CALCIUM TETANY
- intermittent spasm of the extremities due to nervous and muscular excitability caused by low blood calcium concentrations.
- CALCIUM-BINDING PROTEIN
- protein in the intestinal cells, made with the help of vitamin D, that facilitates calcium absorption.
- PEAK BONE MASS
- the highest attainable bone density for an individual,
- OSTEOPOROSIS
- a disease in shich the bones become porous and fragile due to a loss of minerals
- PHOSPHORUS
- a major mineral found mostly in the body's bones and teath
- MAGNESIUM
- a cation within the body's cells, active in man enzyme systems.
- SULFATE
- the osidized form of sulfur
- SULFUR
- a mineral present in the body as part of some proteins