Polograph
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- Psychology (india-c 1500 BCE)
- Donkey tail magic donkey Objective is that those with clean hands obviously did not pull the donkey's tail, indicating their fear of being exposed and consequently their dishonesty.
- Cave Man \"Saber Tooth and the bunny Rabbit\" (c. 35,000 BCE)
- Psychological stimulus IN Physiological reaction-... \" fight or flight\" defense mechanism... Physiological reaction OUT
- Physiology (China- c1000 BCE)
- The accused chews a mouth of rice. He spits it out. If it is wet, the accused is truthful; if it is dry the accused is lying.
- Psychophysiology (England - 1000 BCE)
- The accused is asked to extend his tongue. A hot sword is applied to the tongue. If the wound is not healed in three days, the accused is presumed guilty.
- Galileo, Galilei (Italy 1564 to 1642)
- In 1581 provided the first devise for scientifically counting pulse rate and observing blood pressure. The devise was not use for detection of deception. The devise is the basis upon which the present day cardio sphymomanometer is founded.
- Galvani, Luigi (Italy- 1737 to 1798)
- He noticed the contraction of the frog\'s leg when he touched with a charge mental The first to publish a paper on \"animal electricity\" Attributed the source of electricity to animal tissue
- * Lombroso, Cesare (Italy - 1835 to 1909)
- Behavior is controlled by heredity (The Born Criminal) or racial inferiority (Eugenics) and is therefore involuntary First to record changes in blood presure of suspects during questioning using a \"hydrosphygmorgraph\" (c.1885)
- Povlov, Ivan (Russia - 1849 to 1936)
- Advocated a mechaanistic approach to human behavior Investigated the concept if human response to controlled stimulus
- A. Sticker (United States- c. 1897)
- Investigated the use of psychologalvanic in the detection of deception. \"The galvanic shin phenomenon is under the influence of exciting mental impressions, and the will has no effect upon it\"
- Munsterberg, Hugo (United States - 1863 to 1916)
- He suggested deception testing using blood pressure, respiration and electrodermal activity Described a Peak of Tension Test William Marston was his student
- Moso, Angelo (Italy- c. 1870)
- Theorized that in emotional stress or tension, blood rushed to the brain Developed the \"scientific cradle\", a devise for recording body responses to fear (c. 1875) Student of Lombroso
- Benussi, Vottorio (Italy- 1878 to 1927)
- Designed an apparatus which recorded the tidal volume of the human lungs and related changes Experimented with tidal volume of human lungs as criteria of deception
- Burtt, Harold (United States- 1890 to 1991)
- Researcher into deception test using respiration Published:A Pneumograph for Inspiration/ Expiration Ratios (1918) Published: Inspiration/ Expiration Ratio During Truth and Falsehood (1921) Devised a formula for evaluating respiratory responses for detecting deception based largely on the ratio of time inhale to that of the exhalation
- Larson, John (United Stated- 1892 to 1983)
- The first to record simultaneously, for lie detection purposees, breathing and cardiovascular responses to controlled stimuli (c 1921) Tested 400 subjects with high accuracy; however, his findings were not reported statistically Worked wih Leonarde Keeler
- Marston, William (United State- 1893 to 1947)
- Juris Doctor- 1918 PhD., Psychology- 1921 Studied under Munsterberg Worked with John Larson and August Vollmer Introduced the \"Hot Question\" Used the \"Discontinuous Systolic Blood Pressure Deception Test\" Conducted the Frye examination Published The Lie Detector Test 1938
- The General Acceptance Rule Ironay of Frye v. United Stated, 54 App. DC. 46,293 F. 1013 (1923)
- Polygraph is not admissible, see Frye Frye was a discontinuous systolic blood pressure deception test The polygraph today is not a discontinuous systolic blood pressure deception test! Thr General Acceptance Rule bars the admissibility of polygraph opinion based upon a test that has not been used since 1921!
- Summer, Walter (United States c. 1936)
- Used an elecrodermal recording devise and a structred test series (c. 1936) Reported the use of emotional standards. (Control/ Comparison Questions)
- Keeler, Leonarde (United States- 1903 to 1949)
- Trained under John Lardon at the University of Califorina at Berkeley (c. 1930 to 1950) Established the first private PDD training school Develope the Keeler Technique (R/I) A multi issue technique and format An Investigative (Utility) polygraph test Subjective chart interpretation Added the Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) Tracing to the Keeler Polygraph Instrument as a third recording channel (c. 1939)
- Reid, John (United States- 1910 to 1982)
- Developed the Reid Control Question Technique. ( Modified General Question Technique or MGQT.) A multiple issue technique and format An Investigative (Utility) polygraph test Used the \"probable lie\" (control) question (c. 1950) Used non-exclusive control questions Subjective chart evaluation
- Richard Authur (United States- c. 1950)
- Developed the Authur Technique A mixed issue technique and format An Investigative (Utility) polygraph test Introduced the \"False Key\" in a Searching Peak of Tension Test Used non-exclusive control questions Subjective chart evaluation Clinical Approach- Examiner opion includes non-verbal behavior of the examinee Opinion: \"Guilty or Not Guilty\"
- Backster, Cleve (United States- c. 1955)
- Developed the Zone Comparison Technique- Primarily a single issue technique and format An Evidenttiary (Validity polygraph test Addresses outside issue problems Opinion does not include non-verbal behavior of the examinee Objective (numerical scoring) chart evaluation Opinion: \"Deception Indicated\", \"No Deception Indicated\" or \"Inconclusive\" One of the first polygraph examiners to address the issue of validity and reliability