Exam #2 2

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What are the functions of bones?: support, protection, storage of minerals, movements, blood cell production
What are the 4 types of bones?: long - humerous, femur
short
irregular - sphenoid, vertebrae
flat - scapula, sternum
What is the anatomy of a long bone?: Periosteum, compact bone, endosteum, medullary cavity, yellow bone marrow, spongy bone, articullar cartilage, epiphysis and diaphysis
What is the periosteum of the long bone?: soft outside tiusse
What does the compact bone do of a long bone: adds strength in between layers
What is the endosteum of a long bone?: 2nd soft tissue
What is the medullary cavity?: chamber of space with diapyhsis
What does the spongy bone contain?: contains red bone marrow?
What is located in the epiphysis of the long bone?: red bone marrow
What is the long shaft of the long bone?: diaphysis
What is bone marrow?: soft tissue
What are the 4 principle types of bone cells?: Osteogenic, osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast
Which type of bone is a type of stem cells that continues to divide and form new osteogenic cells?: Osteogenic
Which bone cells are chosen to produce bone tissue and given a new name?: Osteogenic
Which bone cell is a former osteogenic cell that uses nutrients and other materials to create bone matrix?: osteoblast
Which bone cells activity lowers blood calcium levels and makes bones stronger: osteoblast
Which bone cell is trapped inside the matrix that they built: osteocyte
Which bone cell monitors the health of the bone and will call on osteoblasts when needed: osteocyte
Which bone cell frees calcium from bones and dissolves bone matrix to release calcium into the blood: Osteoclast
What is bone matrix?: non living part of the bone.
What is bone matrix made up of?: hyroxyapatite
What is hyroxyapatite?: compound made up primarily of calcium and phosphate and provides strength
What do collagen fibers do in the bone?: provides flexability
What can result if collagen fibers don't grow right: rickets/osteomalacia
What is the structural unit of compact bone?: Osteon
What is the arrangement of osteons?: combination of cells arranged in concentric rings. It is cylindrical in shape and runs parralel to the bone
What is lamella?: rings of the matrix
what is lucuna?: chamber in which each osteocyte resides
what is the canalicula?: tunnels that connect the osteocyte with the central canal and each other
what is yellow bone marrow made up of?: adipose
What is the definition of a joint?: articulations - two bones join each other
What are the 2 ways to classify joints?: Function and structures
What are the 3 ways joints move?: Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses
What are the major categories of joints?: Fribrous, cartilaginous, synovial
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?: sutures, gomphoses, and syndemoses
Which type of movement of the joint offers little to no movement, example skull, bone: synarthroses
Which type of movement has come movement? example: vertebrae on top of each other?: amphiarthroses
Which type of movement of joints are freely moveable? example: knees, elbows: diarthroses
What are the two types of cartilagnous joints?: synchondroses and symphsis
What is an example of synchondroses? and how is it attached?: ribs attached to sternum, and hyaline
What is an exampole of symphysis?: bones joined by fiber cartilage, coxae to coxae
What are synovial joints?: bones not pined by fiber or cartilage
What is the joint that has space between the bones that contains synovial fluid?: synovial joints
What are the six types of synovial joints?: ball and socket, condyloid, saddle joints, gliding, hinge, pivot joints
What are six types of movement of joints?: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, rotation
What is flexion?: Flexion is movement of joint in which the angle between 2 sets of bones decrease
What is extension?: movement in which the angle betwen 2 sets of bones increase
What is abduction?: movement away from the midline of the body
What is adduction?: movement towards the body
What is circumduction?: making a circular motion. Proximal end of bone stays stationary whereas distal end remains
What is rotation?: twisting
What is the function of muscles: Movement of the skeleton, communication, moving materials through passages, heat production
What is outside of the muscle called?: fascia/epimysium
Inside a cut muscle are long tubes lined up next to each other, what are these called?: fascicle
inside each fascicle is another tube called?: muscle cells, also called muscle fiber.
Inside muscle cells are more fibers called?: myofibril
Inside the myofibrils are fibers called?: Myofilaments
What is contraction of a muscle?: when the muscle cells shorten and cause movement to occur
Are muscles capable of pushing?: no
What is relaxation?: when muscles cells lengthen and release tension (isotonic)
What role does the brain play in muscle movement?: where decisions for contracting and relaxing takes place, sends electrical waves to specific muscles to stimular contraction
What are neurons?: nervous tissue cells that are used to carry electrical signals within the body
What is the combination of neuron and muscle cells called?: neuromuscular junction
What is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell?: sarcolemma
What does the sarcolemma contain?: acetyocholine receptors
What is the muscle cell made up of?: sarcolemma, transverse tubules (t-tubes), sarcolasmic reticulum (smooth ER), actin, tropomyosin and troponin, myosin
What is the tunnel that passes from 1 side of the muscle to the other?: T-Tubes
What is the smooth ER of a muscle cell?: Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Where do calcium ions get stored?: sarcoplasmic reticulum
What are long twisted chains of proteins known as the thin filament called?: actin
What is a protein string that covers up special spots on each actin in the chain?: tropomyosin
What is the protein that moves tropomyosin off those special spots?: troponin
What protein group is surrounded by actins?: myosin
how does the sliding filament theory work?: see special card
What is the process of relaxation?: brain sends signal to quit contracting, the Acetylcholinerase attack and move out the Ach. This stops the muscle from excited.
What is the definition of motor unit?: a neuron and all of the muscles cells it is capable of stimulating
What is the strength of a contraction based on?: the # of motor units being used.
if you use a neuron, all of the cells connected to it will contract, true or false?: true
Having multiple motor units allows for?: varying strengths of contraction.
What is an advantage of having multiple motor units?: doesn't place the whole muscle at risk if the single, controlling neuron is damaged.
What is another advantage of having multiple motor units?: allows the muscle to use motor units in shifts which prolongs fatigue.
What controls the differnce between fine control of muscles and coarse control?: motor unit size
What are two types of contraction?: isotonic and isometric
What is the type of contraction that the length of the cells changes but the tone of the cells remain constant?: isotonic
What is muscle tone?: amount of tension in the cells when they are at rest.
What 2 types of isotonic contraction requires movement?: concentric and eccentric phase.
What happens during concentric phase?: cells shorten
What happens during eccentric phase?: cells lengthen
What is the type of contraction that the length of the cells remain constant but the tone changes: isometric
Which type of neuron carries signals from CNS to PNS and outbound messages: motor neuron
Which type of neuron is found in CNS only and is used for storing information and sometimes connection of a sensory to motor: interneurons
What is the anatomy of a motor neuron?: dendrites, soma, axon
What part of a motor neuron has branches of the soma that send signals to the soma?: dendrites
Which part of a motor neuron receives dendrites info: soma
What is an axon?: long extension off the soma that carries signals away to another structure.
What is the trigger zone where soma becomes the axon, where a new electrical signal will begin?: axon hillock
What is a synaptic knob?: widened end of the axon branches
What does the synaptic knobs contains?: neurotransmitters for communicating with other structures.
What is a type of support cells for neurons that wrap themselves around some nueurons axons?: schwann cell
What do schwann cells and ligodentrocytes produce?: several layers of myelin around the axons.
What does myelin do?: insulates the axon for electrical singls and makes the axon faster at carrying signals.
What do Schwann cells produce which provides a path for healing if an axon is damages?: neurolemma
What are the types of neuroglia?: oligodentrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, astrocytes, schwann cells and satellite cells
What nervous system is the oligodentrocytes found?: in Central Nervous System *CNS
What type of neuroglia produces myelin around nueron axons?: oligodendrocytes
Which type of neuroglia produces cerebral spinal fluid?: ependymal cells
What type of neuroglia cells is a type of white blood cell?: microgalia
What type of meuroglia creates the blood/brain barrier?: atrocytes
What type of cell produces myeline and neurilemma around neuron axons?: schwann cells
What nervous system are Schwann Cells found?: in PNS
What are the three principal functions of the CNS?: way to get signal from PNS to the brain and back again.
locomotion and reflexes
What are reflexes?: automatic, involuntary, fast, sterotypical
How many spinal nerve pairs are there?: 31
What allows pts for neurons to enter or exit spinal cord?: spinal nerve pairs
What is surrounded by meninges?: spinal nerve pairs
What are 3 layers of tissue called?: meninges
What is the outer most layer of the meninges called?: duramater
What is the 2nd layer of meninges called?: arachnoid
What is the third layer of meninges called?: pia mater
What is muscle fatigue?: progressive weaknews and loss of contracility that results fro mprolonged use of muscles
What are some causes of muscle fatigue?: ATP production is decreased, lactic acid lowers Ph in muscles and slows enzymes, runs out of Ach.
Name the 3 systems that muscles use to get ATP: Phosphogen, Aerobic, Glyocen/lactic acid
Which system provides immediate ATP and activity and allows for strongest and fastest activites?: phosphogen system
What is a problem with the phospogen system?: stored ATP only lasts about 10 seconds
Which systems uses glucose and ferments it to make ATP: Glycogen/Lactic Acid system
What does the fermentation of glucose produce: lactic acid
What is a quick way to make ATP, which system?: Glycogen/Lactic acid
Which system has less strength and speed and is not very efficient (2-4 atp for every glucose: Glycogen/Lactic acid
Which system lasts 1.5 - 2 minutes at high level of fitness: glycogen/lactic acid
Whis system uses glucose an doxygen to make ATP and produces CO2: aerobic system
which system has even less strength and speed and is very effiecient at producing ATP (36-68) atp/glucose: Aerobic system
What is muscle growth due to?: increase in # of myocin and active filaments
What is the function of the nervous sytem?: storage of information and communication
What are the parts of the nervous system?: CNS, PNS, Somatic and Autonomic
What is contained in the CNS?: brain and spinal cord
What is contained in the Peripheral Nervous system: nerve cells and rest of body
What is contained in the somatic nervous system?: nerve cells that we have control over
What is the autonomic nervous system?: involuntary
What are two types of autonomic nervous system?: Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic
Which nervous sysstem prepares you for action and stimulates the heart eyes, brain, muscles: Sympathetic nervous system
Which nervous system inhibits digestive system, urinary and reproduction systems: Sympathetic nervous system
Which nervous system is rest and digest?: parasympathetic.
Which nervous system lowers activity, stimulates digestive and happens when sleeping after meal?: parasympathetic
What are three types of neurons?: sensory, interneurons, motor neurons
Which neuron carries signals from the PNS to CNS: sensory neuron
Which neuron carries signals from the CNS to PNS: motor neurons
Motor axons contain what matter?: gray matter
Sensory axons contains what matter: white matter
Where are the dorsal horns located on the spinal cord: back
What is the dorsal root ganglion: a branch of spinal nerves that enters the spoinal cord on its dorsal side, composed of sensory fibers
The dorsal root ganglion is comprised of what matter?: white matter
Gray matter is located on what side of the spinal cord: ventral
What shape are Eurthrocytes: discoid
Where are eyrthrocytes produced?: in red bone marrow
how long do eyrthrocutes live?: about 120 days
What is the function of eyrthrocytes?: carry oxygen and some carbon dioxide
Does eyrthrocytes have a nucleous: no
each red blood cell contains how many molecules of hemoglobin?: 280,000,000
What is hemoglobin?: protein made up of parts
What are the parts of hemoglobin: heme and globin
how many heme in hemoglobin: 4
What is a type of protein in hemoglobin?: globin
What is the function of globin?: carries some carbon dioxide
What is heme converted into during destruction: biliverdin, then bilirubin, then bile. All happens in the liver
What are WBC called?: leukocytes
Where are leukocytes produced?: red bone marrow
What do luekocytes play a role in?: defense
What are two types of leukocytes?: granulocytes and agranulocytes
Which type of leukocyte has many lobes and is called polymorphonucleic: granulocytes
That are the three types of granulocytes: netrophils, eosinophils and basophils
Which granulocyte contains 60-70% of all wbc: neutrophils
Which granulocytes contain 2-4% of all wbc: eosinophils
Which granulocyte is the least common of wbc: basophils
Which granulocyte attacks bacteria: neutrophil
What does eosinophils fight in the wbc?: allergens and parasitic worms
Which type of granulocyte stains more purpose: basophils
Which type of granulocyte secretes histamine and heparin: basophils
What is heparin: anticoagulant
Name 2 types of agranulcytes?: lymphocytes and monocytes
What are two types of lymphocytes?: T cells and B cells
What do T cells attack?: cancer cells, viruses and foreign cells.
What do B cells produce?: antibodies
Which type of agranulocyte contains 3-8% of wbc: monocytes
which type of agranulocyte become dendric cells, microglia, dust cells in lungs, macrophages?: monocytes
Which type of agranulocyte cleanup debris of the virus after a defense has taken place: monocyte
Which element of bloock produced in red bone barrow and is part of the clotting process?: platelets
what is anoter name for platelets: thrombocytes
What is the function of the heart: circulate blood
What is the right side of the heart called?: pulmonary side
What is the left side of the heart called?: systemic
What does the right side of the heart collect?: deoxygentated blod from the body and sends it to the lungs to get reoxygenated
What does the left side of the heart collect?: oxygenated blood from lungs and send to the body
What are the two structures of the heart?: pericardiam and heart wall
What is the double layered membrane sack around the heart?: pericardium
What is the outside layer of the pericardium called?: parietal layer
what is the inside layer of the pericardium called?: visceral layer
Why is there fluid between the parietal and visceral layer of the heart?: to beat w/o friction, protects heart and surrounding organs, isolates infection from the heart
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
Which layer of the heart wall is the middle layer and has thcik muscle tissue: myocardium
What layer of the heart lines outside of heart and is same as visceral layer: Epicardium
What layer of the heart lines the chambers of the heart?: endocardium

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