AP1 Bones
Terms
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- diaphysis
- shaft of long bone, compact bone
- epiphysis
- end of long bone, spongy bone
- periosteum
- fibrous membrane which covers the bone
- articular cartilage
- thin layer of cartilage that covers epiphyseal surface
- medullary cavity
- marrow cavity, in diaphysis of long bone, yellow marrow
- yellow marrow
- fatty substance in medullary cavity
- endosteum
- membrane lining the medullary cavity in long bone
- epiphyseal line
- closed epiphyseal plate
- epiphyseal plate
- site of growth of long bone
- cancellous bone
- spongy bone
- 4 functions of periosteum
- protection, lets BV in, growth in diameter (osetoblasts), point of attachment for tendons
- How are most long bones formed in the body?
- endochondral ossification
- How do bones grow in length?
- epiphyseal plate
- How do bones grow in width?
- appositional growth; osteoblasts in periostium
- haversian canal
-
longitudinal canal in center of Haversian systems
contains BVs, nerves, and lymphatics - lamellae
- concentric rings of calcified matrix around the Haverisan canal
- lacunae
- cavities b/w lamellae that contain osteocytes/chondrocytes
- osteocytes
-
mature bone cells, in lacunae
NOT in ground bone slide - canaliculi
- small canals radiate from Haversian canal, connect lacunae
- haverisan system
- each set of concentric rings
- volkmann's canal
- penetrates periosteum and run inward horizontally, connects with haversian canal
- Where is articular cartilage and of what type of cartilage is does it consist?
-
covers epiphyseal surface
hyaline cartilage - chondrocytes
- cartilage cells in lacunae in groups of 2-4, glossy matrix
- hydroxyapatites
-
inorganic compound of long bone matrix
provides hardness
crystals made of various calcium salts - collagen fibers
-
protein
organic compound of long bone matrix
provides flexibility - frontal bone
-
1 forms forehead and upper part of orbits
2 sinuses - parietal bone
- 2 forms sides and roof of cranium
- occipital bone
- 1 forms posterior part of skull and base of skull
- foramen magnum
- occipital bone, large hole contains spinal cord
- occipital condyles
- occipital bone, articulates with atlas
- temporal bone
- 2 forms side of skull and part of cranial floor
- zygomatic process
-
temporal bone
forms posterior part of cheekbone - mastoid process
-
temporal bone
rounded projection posterior to ear - styloid process
-
temporal bone
sharp process, directed inferiorly, attaches hyoid ligaments - external auditory meatus
-
temporal bone
ear canal - mandibular fossa
-
temporal bone
depression forms socket for mandible - sphenoid bone
-
1 keystone of cranial floor
extends from one side of skull to other
forms side of skull, most of cranial floor, part of orbit
resembles 'flying bat' - body of sphenoid bone
-
sphenoid bone
central portion - greater wings
-
sphenoid bone
reach to each side of skull
form side of skull - sella turcica
-
sphenoid bone
saddle shaped depression on superior surface of floor of skull
houses pituitary gland - ethmoid bone
-
1 inner surface of cranium
anterior to sphenoid
forms nasal cavity, part of orbit - perpendicular plate
-
ethmoid
can be seen anterior of nasal cavity
forms superior portion of nasal septum - cribriform plate
-
ethmoid bone
perforated structure, seen superior view of cranial floor
allows passing of olfactory nerves - crista galli
-
ethmoid
process directed superiorly from cribriform plate
anchors meninges - superior nasal conchae
-
ethmoid
can not be seen anterior view of nasal cavity
lateral projection - middle nasal conchae
-
ethmoid bone
lateral projection
helps to warm air - coronal suture
- joins frontal and parietal bones
- sagittal suture
- midline; joins two parietal bones
- squamosal suture
- joins temporal bone to parietal and sphenoid
- lambdoidal suture
- joins occipital bone
- nasal bone
- 2 form bridge of nose
- maxillary bone
- 2 form upper jaw, part of orbit, anterior part of hard palate
- lacrimal bone
- 2 tiny, form medial walls of orbit
- zygomatic bone
- 2 articulate w/ temporal bone, form zygomatic arch (cheek bone)
- palatine bone
- 2 form posterior part of hard palate, small bit of orbit floor
- vomer
-
1 forms inferior part of nasal septum
shaped like plow share - inferior nasal concha
-
2 OWN BONE (others part of ethmoid)
form lower part of lateral walls of nasal cavity - mandible
-
1 lower jaw
ONLY movable bone in skull! - body of mandible
- main horizontal part, forms chin
- alveolar process
- sockets for teeth in mandible
- mandibular condyle
-
mandible
articulates with manubular fossa of temporal bone - wormian bone
- extra bones in sutures
- paranasal sinus
- mucus membrane-lined vacities within bones, drain into nasal cavity
- frontal (anterior) fontanel
- soft spot between frontal bones and parietal bones
- occipital (posterior) fontanel
- soft spot between occipital bone and parietal bones
- mastoid (posterolateral) fontanel
- 2 soft spot above mastoid process of temporal bone
- sphenoidal (anterolateral) fontanel
- 2 soft spot near sphenoid bone
- scoliosis
- lateral deviation, usually thoracic region
- kyphosis
- hunchback, exaggerated thoracic curve
- lordosis
- swayback, exaggerated lumbar curve
- What are intervertebral discs composed of?
-
outer ring: fibrocartilage
inner: soft elastic core - What is fibrocartilage composed of?
- collagen fibers and chondrocytes
- body of vertebra
- round, weight-bearing portion, most anterior
- vertebral arch
-
encloses vertebral foramen
pedicles - lateral processes that form the arch
laminae - posterior processes that form the arch - pedicle
- lateral processes that form the vertebral arch
- lamina
- posterior parts of the vertebral arch
- vertebral foramen
-
enclosed by vertebral arch (every vertebra)
houses spinal cord - transverse processes of vertebra
- 2 lateral projections
- superior articular processes of vertebra
- 2 superior projections
- inferior articular processes of vertebra
- 2 inferior projections
- spinous process
- single medial projection on vertebra, most posterior portion
- transverse foramen of vertebra
- only present on cervical vert.
- atlas
- C1
- axis
- C2
- superior articular facets
- on atlas, articulates with occipital condyles on occipital bone
- inferior articular facets
- on atlas, articulates with C2
- dens
- on axis, projects up through ring of atlas
- odontoid process
-
AKA dens
on axis, projects up through ring of atlas - What passes through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebra?
- Blood vessels
- demifacets
-
on thoracic vert.
articulate with heads of ribs - facets on vertebra
-
on thoracic vert.
articulate with tubercles of ribs - sacrum
-
articulates superiorly with L5, inferiorly with coccyx, laterally with hip bones
fusion of 5 vertebrae