Biopyschology Rev.
Terms
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1. Ventral/Anterior
2. Dorsal/Posterior
3. Inferior
4. Superior/Cranial
5. Caudal
6. Rostral
7. Medial
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1. On the front (belly side)
2. On the back
3. On the lower side
4. On the top (skull side)
5. In the lowermost portion (tail end)
6. On the forward end (at the nose end)
7. Close or towards the middle
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1. Ipsilateral
2. Contralateral
3. Bilateral
4. Unilateral
5. Lateral
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1. On the same side
2. On the opposite side
3. On both sides
4. On one side
5. Towards the side (away from middle)
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1. Coronal Plane
2. Sagittal Plane
3. Horizontal Plane
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1. Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior (belly and back) sections.
2. Vertical plane dividing area into left and right portions
3. Imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts (top & bottom)
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Pituitary gland
- Functions
- Location -
- "Master Gland" (to some)
- Its hormones influence other hormones produced elsewhere
- Divided into 2 parts: Anterior & Posterior that produce and regulate hormones for two different areas
- Located at the base of hypothalamus & receives info from from it to release hormones into bloddstream -
1. Ipsilateral
2. Contralateral
3. Bilateral
4. Unilateral
5. Lateral
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1. On the same side
2. On the opposite side
3. On both sides
4. On one side
5. Towards the side (away from middle) -
1. Coronal Plane
2. Sagittal Plane
3. Horizontal Plane
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1. Vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior (belly and back) sections.
2. Vertical plane dividing area into left and right portions
3. Imaginary plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts (top & bottom) - Pituitary gland
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- "Master Gland" (to some)
- 2 sections (ant. & post.)
- Its hormones influences other hormones
- Located at base of hypothalamus & receives signals from it
- Central Nervous System
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- Brain & Spinal Cord (Meninges surround them)
- Has a fundamental role in the control of behavior
- The brain receives sensory information from nerves in the spinal cord, as well as other sensory organs (sight and smell). Once received, the brain processes the sensory signals and initiates responses. The spinal cord is the principle route for the passage of sensory information to and from the brain.
-Info flows to the CNS from the peripheral nervous system, which senses signals from the environment outside the body (sensory-somatic nervous system) and from the internal environment (autonomic nervous system).
- Peripheral Nervous System
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- Formed by cranial & spinal nerves
- Divided into 2 Systems:
*Somatic NS
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Peripheral Nervous System
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- Formed by cranial & spinal nerves
- Divided into 2 Systems:
* Somatic NS
* Automatic NS - Somatic Nervous System
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- Located in PNS
- Controls voluntary movements
- Includes special nerve fibers involved in touch, hearing & sight
- Includes neurons connected with skeletal muscles, skin, & sense organs.
- Consists of efferent nerves (send brain signals for muscle contraction.) - Automatic Nervous System
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- Consists of neurons that receive & send info to the heart, intestines, & other organs.
- The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, dilation of pupils, urination & sexual arousal.
- Most of its actions are involuntary, some, such as breathing, work in tandem with the conscious mind.
- Has two sub-parts: Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous Systems - Sympathetic Nervous System
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- Network of nerves that prepare organs for vigorous activity
- Consists of chains of ganglia along the spinal cord, sweat glands, muscles that only constrict blood vessels & erect hairs, and adrenal glands.
- Increases heart rate - Parasympathetic Nervous System
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- Facilitates vegetative, non-emergency responses.
Consists of cranial nerves & nerves from spinal sacral.
- Ganglia are NOT arranged in a chain.
- Decreases heart rate, increases digestive rate, flow of sinuses & fluids, and conserves energy. -
Motor neuron
Sensory neuron -
-Has its soma in the spinal cord
-Specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to sensory stimulation (light, sound, touch)Ex: sensory endings in skin send signals to spinal cord. -
1.Dendrites
2. Cell body (soma) -
1.Branching fibers that get narrower at the ends (Gr."tree")
-Lined with synaptic receptors where the dendrites receive info from other neurons
2. Contains the nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria & more
-Where most of the metabolic work of the neurons occur
-Covered with synapses - Axon
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-Thin fiber of constant diameter (longer than dendrites)
-Gr. "axis"
-The info SENDER of the neuron (info goes to other neurons, organs, or muscles) -
1. Afferent axon
2. Efferent axon -
1. Information goes towards the presynaptic buttons & to other neurons, organs, or muscles.
-Sensory neurons
2. Information goes away (exits) presynaptic terminals (buttons) which are located in the spinal cord.
-Motor neurons -
1. Interneuron/Intrinsic neuron
2. Nodes of Ranvier
3. Glia -
1. When the axon and dendrites of a neuron are entirely contained within a structure (like the thalamus)
2. Interruptions in myelin sheath
3. The other major component of the nervous system
- Glia do NOT transmit info over long distances, but they do exchange chemicals with nearby neurons
- Glia are smaller than neurons, but there are more
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Types of Glia
- Astrocytes -
Astrocytes: star-shaped wrap around presynaptic terminals to help synchronize the activity of axons (enables them to send messages in waves).
-They do this by taking up chemicals released by the axons, and then release back to axons.
-They also remove waste material when neurons die & control the amount of blood flow to each brain area
- They release chemicals that modify the activity of neighboring neurons.
- Important contributor to info processing -
Types of Glia (2)
1. Microglia
2. Oligodenddrocytes
3. Schwann cells
- Both
4. Radial glia -
1. Very small cells that also remove waste material as well as viruses (like immune system)
2. In the brain & spinal cord
3. Are in the periphery
- Both Schwann and Oligo types of glia specialize in building myelin sheaths
4.Guide the migration of neurons & their axons & dendrites during embryonic development; Most turn into neurons afterwards. - Neuron Shapes
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1. Purkinije cell: Found only in cerebellum
2. Sensory neurons: From SKIN to Spinal cord
3. Pyramidal cell: Of the motor area of the cerebral cortex
4. Bipolar cells: Of the retina in the eye
5. Kenyon cell: from honeybee - Biological Explanations of Behavior
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1. Physiological: Relates a behavior to the activity in the brain/organs. Deals with machinery of the body (ex: chemical reactions that...)
2. Ontogenetic: Describes how a structure/behavior develops thru genes, nutrition, experience & interactions.
3. Evolutionary: Constructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior (*History & ancestors).
4. Functional: Describes WHY a structure/behaviorevolved the way it did. (*Evolution & ADVANTAGE)
- Active Transport
- A protein-mediated process that expends energy to pump chemicals from the blood & into brain: Glucose (main fuel), amino acids (building blocks of PROTEINS), purines, choline, some vitamins, iron & some hormones.
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1. Synapse
2. Reflex Arc
3. Postsynaptic neuron
4. Presynaptic neuron
5. Depolarization
6. Hyperpolarization
7. Excitatory Postsynaptic potential (ESPS) -
1. The gap between two neurons
2. The circuit from sensory neuron to muscle response
3. Neuron that receives the msg
4. Delivers message
5. Excitatory (always action potential: sodium goes in)
6. Inhibitory
7. Occurs only when the sodium ions in the cell. Can be either inhibitory OR excitatory.
- IPSP
- Occurs when the synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to LEAVE the cell (K+) OR for chloride ions to enter (neg. charge).
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1. Ventormedial Hypothalmic Nucleus (VHN)
2. Later Hypothalamus -
1. Satiety center
- Damage: eat more
- Stimulate: Eat less
2. Hunger center -
Major Divisions of the Brain:
1. Cerebrum (forebrain)
2. Brain Stem
3. Cerebellum -
1. Cerebrum (forebrain)
⬢ Telencephalon
- Cerebral cortex
- Subcortical white matter
- Basal ganglia
⬢ Diencephalon
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
2. Brain Stem
⬢ Midbrain (mesencephalon)
⬢ Pons
⬢ Medulla
3. Cerebellum
⬢ Cerebellar Cortex
⬢ Cerebellar Nuclei -
1. Pineal Gland
2. Diencephalon -
1. It produces melatonin, a hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and photoperiodic (seasonal) functions.
2.The diencephalon ("interbrain") is the region of the brain that includes the thalamus & hypothalamus - The Telencephalon
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Function:
* Determines Intelligence
* Determines Personality
* Interpretation of Sensory Impulses
* Motor function
* Planning & Organization
* Sense of Smell
* Touch Sensation
-Location: the anterior portion of the brain, rostral to the midbrain.
-Structures: consists of the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, corpus striatum and olfactory bulb. -
The brainstem (posterior part of the brain)
1. Medulla -
1. Just above spinal cord
2. Controls vital reflexes
. Breathing
. Heart rate
. Vomiting
. Salivation
. Coughing
. Sneezing -
The Forebrain:
(most anterior part of brain) -
1. Cerebral cortex (most prominent, higher functions, composed of lobes)
2. The THALAMUS(switchboard operator for sensory info, especially visual, but
NOT olfaction!!!!!)
- Information relayed from thalamus to cortex and basal ganglia
3. Basal ganglia (also very important for movement)
4. Parts of the limbic system (centers of emotion, eating, drinking, mating, anxiety,
aggression, etc)
1. Olfactory bulbs, hypothalamus, amygdala, cingulate gyrus - Major Divisions of the Spinal Cord:
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Divided into approximately 30 segments
⬢ 8 cervical (C)
⬢ 12 thoracic (T)
⬢ 5 lumbar (L)
⬢ 5 sacral (S)
⬢ A few coccygeal (Co) -
What is the functional unit of the entire nervous system?
1. Neuron
2. Glia -
NEURON
1. Neurons:
• Receive and transmit info to other cells.
• Specialized for reception, conduction, and transmission of electrochemical and
neurochemical signals.
• Varied shapes and sizes.
2. Glia:
-Don’t transmit info over long distances
-Perform several supportive tasks
-Include forming physical matrix to hold neural circuits together (glia
means glue)
-Absorb dead cells and other debris
-10 times more numerous than neurons but 1/10 the size; occupy the same
amount of space as neurons - Neurons contain cytoplasmic structures that are similar to those found in other cells of the body.
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⬢ Nucleus: contain DNA info (blue print for protein synthesis)
⬢ Mitochondria: energy generator
⬢ Ribosome: where proteins are produced
⬢ Golgi complex: where molecules are
stored in vesicles for transport
⬢ Microtubules: train tracks; responsible for rapid transport of molecules in neuron
⬢ Terminals: contain synaptic vesicle & neurotransmitters - The neuron is surrounded by a membrane (its skin):
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⬢ Separates the inside from the outside
⬢ Composed of lipid bilayer (two layers of fat molecules)
⬢ Embedded in the midst of this lipid bilayer are protein molecules:
⬢ e.g: Channel proteins/ Signal⬐receptor proteins
Embedded in the membrane are protein channels that permit
specific ions to cross through the membrane at a controlled rate. -
1. Dendrites
2. Dendritic Spines -
– branching fibers that get narrower as they extend from the cell body
toward the periphery
– receives info and sends to cell body
2. Dendritic spines: short outgrowths that increase the surface area
available for synapses
*Decreased Dendritic Spine Density on Prefrontal Cortical Pyramidal Neurons in Schizophrenia - Generally there are two kinds of structures in the nervous system:
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1. Nuclei/ ganglia
Nuclei: clusters of somas in CNS
Ganglia: clusters of somas in PNS
2. Tracts/ nerves
Tracts: bundles of axons in the CNS
Nerves: bundles of axons in the PNS