Ventilation

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at least two sides: How many sides of a monitor should be opened if the top is not an option?
1,700 times: When water vaporizes, how much does it expand?
Free buring has ceased (smouldering phase) Oxygen supply not equal to demands of fire, temperature throughout building is very high: What are three characteristics of stage 3 of mushrooming?
windward attack entrance and at other points where fire might be expected to spread. Charged line should also be in position to protect other exposures.: Where should charged hose lines be placed prior to opening a building?
No. with a glass cutter make a radial score 6 inches from a top corner. Apply duct tape to the full glass area.: With glass installed from the outside can it be removed intact from the inside? How can this glass be removed?
quick expansion of steam in an enclosed room may cause a rapid collapse of the thermal balance, thereby forcing hot gases and steam to the floor and exposing ffs to the risk of burns and scalding.: What happens when a large amount of water is introduced into an extremely hot enclosed room?
slightly above the horizontal. Cools the thernal column, extinguishes fire embers and aids the ventilation process: How should elevated streams being operated closely above ventilation openings be directed? What are the 3 main purposes of these fog streams?
free-burning fire, thick, dark smoke, intense heat and rollover: What are 4 warning signs of flashover?
create an opening as high as possible withing the building or area can help eliminate potential backdraft conditions: How do you ventilate under backdraft conditions?
In case of rescue PPV may be started immediately, with straight firefighting PPV can be delayed to allow natural ventilation to occur while attack crews reach the seat of the fire: What difference in timing of PPV for straight firefighting as opposed to rescue?
the introduction of oxygen to a confined-space that is pressurized with heated, flammable gases deficient in oxygen thereby resulting in an explosive force.: Define backdraft
?: What is it called when multiple smoke ejectors are used to increase airflow?
flat, pitched and arched: What are the 3 main types of roof construction?
describes the techniques of vertical and horisontal ventilation when they are not assisted by mechanical means. This includes the use of pre-installed vents, doors and so on.: Define Natural Ventilation
break easily and make it dangerous to walk upon, the tile will fall off the roof creating a hazard for people below and slate/tile roofs are very susceptiable to early roof collapse: What are 3 dangers to consider when ventilating on a tile or slate roof?
heat and smoke may prohibit completion of the job: Why should all baords in a floor opening be cut before removal?
Indirect method-there may be too much heat within the structure to attack the seat of the fire directly and a large backdraft threat also exists. A water fog applied from outside the strucute or room will generate maximum steam production with the intent of cooling the atmosphere. *This operation must be performed from a safe position where escaping steam can be controlledor vented: What is the best way to attack a fire in stage 3 of mushrooming?
?: How do you remove glass installed from the inside
above or downwind from the window: Where should a ff not be in relation to a window that he is breaking?
???Containment of the heat and produced steam determines if direct application of water is appropriate. Larger uncontained fires that may be self-vented should be attacked directly with high-volume, straight streams to allow penetration to the seat of the fire: When can a direct attack be used on a fire in the latter stages of free buring or the smouldering stage, in order to take advantage of steam production for fog ventilation?
VVDC Volume-the greater the volume the large the fire, Velocity- the greater the velocity, the hotter the fire, Density- the thicker the smoke, the more the burning material and Colour- colour may indicate the type of material buring but generally the daker the smoke the greater the carbon and/or toxic material present.: What is the rule of thumb for reading smoke?
Pressurized stairwells (smoke towers) or isolated stairwell ventilation systems. The effectiveness of the system depends on closed fire doors. These doors usually have a 2-5 hour fire resistant construction.: What are smoke proof stairwells? What do they depend on?
sledge hammer: What is the best tool to start tiles/stale roof ventilation?
wind can have an adverse effect, depending on its direction and velocity. If possible, pressurize the structure on the windward side and exhaust contaminates on the leeward side: What weather condition can have an effect on PPV?
Smoke under pressure, Black smoke becoming dense grey-yellow, confinement and excessive heat, little or no visible flame, smoke leaving the building in puffs or at intervales, smoke-stained windows, muffled sounds, sudden rapid movement of air inward when an opening is made: Name 5 charcteristics which may indicate a backdraft condition?
replacement air must be brought into the area from which smoke is exhausted.: What must be brought into an area undergoing NPV?
entire pane should be broken out and the sash cleared of all broken glass by scraping the sash with the breaking tool, Use the flat side of the axe to break the window. break the top windows first and should not be above or downwind from the window to be opened. (someone should be on the ground level to warn crews that falling glass is expected): Name 4 things to remember when breaking windows
manholes, sewers etc (to provide fresh air) and in hospitals, schools or shopping malls where there are many internal rooms: Where is NPV particularly useful? (4 cases)
every emergency and heavy rescue unit: What units carry a 220 V fan?
buildings with multiple stories can be ventilated by sequentially ventilating each floor. Start from the lowest contaminated floor and work towards the top. All floors other than the one being ventilated must be closed off to prevent loss of pressurization: how can multi-storey structures be ventilated? What floor should you start with?
curtain wall or window-wall system and ribbon or strip window system: What is it called when glass is installed form the outside of a highrise? the inside?
scuttle hatches, skylights and monitors: What are 3 natural roof opening?
Conditions untenable for ff entry becaue of heat, smoke, or toxic atmospher, construction unsuitable for natural ventilation due to the lack of vertical shafts or horizontal exterior openings, a fire below ground level in basesments or below deck on marine craft, a confined space, or a space where it is difficult to gain entrance, a need to remove undesirable atmosphere from areas when there is no fire such as in tunnels, buildings, basements and other enclosures: What are 4 situations requiring forced ventilation?
??yes as long as it is not being used as a evacuation route or to conduct firefighting or rescue operations above the floor being ventilated: Should stair shafts be used for ventilation?
rescue procedures for occupants before initiating horizontal ventilation: In an occupied building, what consideration is imperative prior to initiating horizontal ventilation?
reduces the pressure inside the building relative to the atmospheric pressure and it pulls out the contminated air: What does negative pressure ventilation accomplish?
wood and concrete: What are the two main categories of floor construction
Under extreme condition, when there is only one means of egrees.: When might it be necessary to channel heat and smoke through an uninvolved portion of a builing?
increases the pressure inside relative to the atmospheric pressure and pushes the contaminated air out.: What does PPV do?
If venting for life, vent asap to make the area tenable for rescue, if venting for fire wait until the attack crew is ready with a charged hose line.: What are the 2 rules of thumb for venting?
establish exhaust opening, establish a clear channel from the point of entry to the exhaust opening, determine the location of the fire, position attack lines, inclduing one to protec exposures at the exhaust opening and notify the incident commander and interior crews: What 5 requirements must be met before implementing PPV?
Breathing may still be possible for occupant: Is breathing still possible for occupants during stage 1 of mushrooming?
60 degree fog pattern covering 85-90% of the opening provides the best results for ventilation. The nozzles should be about 2 feet from the opening: When using hydraulic ventilation, what angle fog stream should be used, how much of the opening should be covered and how far back from the opening should nozzles be placed?
a 220 volt high output electic fan should be used to evacuate residual amounts of carbon monoxide (CO is produced by the gas powered fan): If a gas powered fan is being used what should be done once the area is clear?
?: When using NPV in a room, what will increase efficiency?
a smoker ejector? (not sure): what is a good air in NPV operations?
signs of backdraft, dust or powders may be disturbed, the fire location has not been established, the fire in known to be spreading beyond the compartment of origin and a common attic exists in a multiple occupancy building (no fire separation): When should pre-attack PPV not be initiated? (3 examples(out of five))
2-4 times more smoke removal: How much more smoke can be expelled by fog streams compared to mechanical smoker ejectors?
breathing will be difficult for occupant: Is breathing still possible for occupants during stage 2 of mushrooming?
Direct flame contact or air convection, radiated heat or air convection, air convection, raidation and flame contact, conduction of heat and explosion: What are 5 ways in which horizontal extension may occur?
position ladders near the corners of the involved structure because this is one of the strongest parts of the building construction.: When ventilating roofs, where should you aim to place ladders?
Ensures more positive control, supplements natural ventilation, speeds the removal of contaminants, allow rapid rescue under safer conditions, makes horizontal ventilation more effective, reduces the need for vertical ventilation, is less affected by erratic wind conditions, may be used when other methods fail reduces smoke damage and promotes good public relations: What are 6 advantages of mechanical ventilation?
Fire has involved more fuel, oxygen supply is being depleted and heat accumulates at upper areas (thermal layering): What are three characteristics of stage 2
location and size of doors, windows or other openings in walls, building size, height, # of stories, staircases, elevators ducts and roof openings, Use and occupancy of the building, basement and windowless buildings, involvement of exterior fire escapes and other exposures, and the presence of HVAC.: What are 4 building type and construction considerations during ventilation operations?
two parts of oxygen for each part of carbon consumed: How many parts of oxygen does each part of carbon require for complete combustion?
strip ventilation: What is trenching also known as?
40 cm centers: How far apart are the centers of joists in wooden floors?
Offensive involves ventilating close to the fire and Defensive involves ventilating away from the fire or after the fire is out.: What is the difference between offensive and defensive ventilation?
3/4-1 3/4 the size of the enrance opening.: How big should exhaust openings be, ideally?
indirect application of water in short bursts unto the upper areas of the structure or room using a straight stream is known as "pencilling": When encountering a situation where you are in a room that is in the latter stages of free-burning and there is a potential risk of flashover, what techniques should be used?
place a roof ladder on the roof, upwind and alongside the position where the cut will be made, making sure that the hooks are secured over the ridge: On what side of you planned hole should the roof ladder be placed?
not confined: Volume increases, confined: Pressure increases: If heated gas is not confined, what increases? If it is confined, what increases?
Carbon Monoxide: This gas is the result of incomplete combustion.
materials being burned, temperature of the fire and amount of oxygen present within the structure: What 3 things influence the colour of smoke?
under NO curcumstances should ffs enter a room that shows flashover warning signs: When should ffs enter a room showing flashover warning signs?
fires in high rise facilities may spread rapidly through pipe and elevator shafts, stairways and other vertical openings. These shafts contribute to a stack "effect" and create an upward draft that interferes with evacuation and ventilation: What do shafts in high rise building contribute to in a fire situation?
flat, gable, shed, butterfuly, hop, mansard, lantern, gambrel and dome: what are 6 common roof styles?
Improper use of forced ventilation, breakage of glass, improperly directed fire streams, breakage of skylights, an explosion, a burn that creates additional opening between the attack team and the upper openings: What are 3 things that can destroy the effectivess of vertical ventilation?
free-burning fire, incipient stage oxygen plentiful, temperature relatively low and thermal updrafts: What are three characteristics of stage 1 of mushrooming?
the amount of oxygen present. In a flashover, there is adequate oxygen available for combustion and the fire is in the free-burning phase just prior to the event.: What is the difference between backdraft and flashover?
confined fire that is late in the free-burning phase or in the smoulding phase. Oxygen is not present: What are the key components present in a potential backdraft situation? What is not present?
Provide a secondary means of escape, have a charged line in place, prevent personel from walking on a spongy or springy roof, exercise caution in working around electric wires, stand to the windward side of the cut, wear proper protective clothing, watch for personnel within the range of the swing of the axe: List 5 safety precautions when opening a roof?
There is an increase in the amount of water damage, there is a drain on the available water supply and in climates subject to freezing temperatures, there is more ice in the area surrounding the building.: What are 3 drawbacks to forced ventilation using fog streams?
up to 50%: How much fan capacity is sometimes required to over come initial interal pressure?
to prevent horizontal spread of heat, smoke and fire. Used in buildings that have long and open attic areas like schools, apartments, motels, rest homes and factories: What is the purpose of trenching and where is it most likely to be used?
availability of natural openings, location of the fire, direction of wind, type of construction, extent of fire has progressed, condition of the building and it contents, the movement of personnel and tools to the chose location: What are 5 factors to consider when deciding where to ventilate?
requires the use of a mechanical device, power source and additional ffs, can increase the intensity of the fire and lead to unwanted fire and smoke spread, requires a very large fan or for large incidents, a number of smaller fans, provides limited airflow in defensive ventilation, which means that systematic room by room clearance is necessary: What are 2 disadvantages of mechanical ventilation?
1.25 m from the opening and the seonc 2 m back from the first: How far back is the first fan placed? the second? (PPV Utilizing two fans)
the systematic clearing from a structue, vessel, or other area of objectionable smoke, heat or noxious gases through controlled channels, followed by the replacement of cooler air, which facilitates other firefighting priorities: Define Ventilation
Phase I: ignition of flammable gases produced by combustion (primarily CO) that have accumulated in the upper sections of the fire area, Phase 2: The rollover: flammable gases roll over near the ceiling Phase 3: Thermal collapse Rapid fire development is complete and intense heat drops to floor level: What are the three phases of flashover?
Residential building in which the fire has not involved the attic area, building with high windows near the eaves, attics or residential buildings with louvered vents in the walls, the involved floors of multi-storied structure and buildings with roofs above large open spaces, building where the fire is not contained by fire curtains and structures weakended by the effects of buring.: Name 5 situations where horizontal ventilation may be used?
a charged line ready to protect themselves: What must a vent team have present when performing ventilation in a potential backdraft situation?
Not possible: Is breathing still possible for occupants during stage 3 of mushrooming?
directly attack the area of major involvement, Ventilation: removes heat from upper levels and makes area more tenable for rescue or fire attack, Greater steam production: interrupt attacks on the fire with periods of steam/fire condition evaluation, attack line nozzle must be set on "straight stream": What is the best way to attack a fire in stage 2 mushrooming?
short strokes: what kind of axe strokes should be used when chopping a roof?
Direct application of water at the bases of the fire, Ventilation to reduce accumlation of heat and gases: What is the best way to attack a fire in stage 1 of mushrooming?
volume increases by 10%: What is the increase in volume of the first blower when a second is place in series?
vertical, Horizontal, Natural and Mechanical: What are 4 types of ventilation?
the simultaneous combustion of the combustible substances in a room heated to their ignition points: Define flashover
16 inch, 12,000 ft3/min or 20,000 m3/hr: What size are the CFDs gas powered fans? what is their airflow rating?
Cut the sheathing alongside a rafter on the far side of the planned opening first (downwind from the firefighter). Remove the sheathing with the pick head of an axe or some type of prying tool. (Not sure why): What side of the planned roof opening should be cut first and why?
?: What is usually the fire rating on fire doors?
Backdraft conditions are elminated, Rescue operations are facilitated, Area is made more tenable for firefighting operations, Toxic and/or explosive gases are removed from the area Spread of fire is curtailed: The main purposes for Ventilation are represented by the acronym brats, what does this stand for?
high alarm - >+50 ppm -source identified: evacuate and ventilate high alarm >=50 ppm source unidentified (evacuate and contact Haz tech), low alarm 25-50 ppm ventilate and try to identify the source <25 ventilate and try to identify the source >= 12 ppm evacuate small children pregnant women, senior and anyone with respiratory problems from the area.: What action should be taken under the following circumstances when taking CO readings?

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