Anatomy I Chapter 1
Terms
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- What is anatomy?
- is the study of the structure of the body parts and their relatiohsips to one another
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NAME
is the study of the structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another - anatomy
- What is physiology?
- the study of the function of the body's structual machinery
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NAME
is how all the different body parts work togehter - physiology
- What are the differ types of anatomy? (3)
- (1)Gross or macroscopic (2) microscopic (3)Devlopment
- What is Gross anatomy?
- is the study of the large body structures visible to the naked eye such as the heart, lungs, and kindey
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NAME
is the study of the large body structures visible to the naked eye such as the heart, lungs, and kindey - Gross Anatomy
- Gross anatomy is also called (1)
- marcoscopic antomoy
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NAME
is a person was studying the kidneys, lungs, and heart, what anatomy are they most likely studying? - gross anatomy
- Macroscopic anatomy is also called (1) anatomy
- gross
- What are some of the different types of gross anatomy? (3)
- (1)regional anatomy (2)systemic anatomy (3)surface anatomy
- What is regional atnatomy
- is the study of all the structures of in a particular area
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NAME
is the study of all the structures in a particular area - regional atantomy
- What is systemic anatomy?
- is the study of the different systems of the body
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NAME
is the study of the different systems of the body - systemic anatomy
- What is surface anatomy?
- is the study of the internal structures and how they relate to the skin's surface
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NAME
is the study of the internal structures and how they relate to the skin's surface - surface anatomy
- What is microscopic anatomy?
- is the study of structures too small to be seen w the eye
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NAME
is the study of the structures of that are to small to be seen w the eye - Microscopic anatomy
- What is cytology?
- is the study of the cells
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NAME
is the study of the cells - cytology
- What is Developmental anatomy?
- traces structural changes through life like embrolyogy
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NAME
studies and traces the structural changes through life like embrolygoy - Developmental anatomy
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NAME
is the study of the function of the body's structural machinery - physiology
- What is Mesenchyme?
- is a embyroic tissue
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NAME
is a embyroic or early on tissue - Mesenchyme
- Why is Mesenchyme important?
- bc all living things form from this tissue
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NAME
all living things form from this tissue - Mesenchyme
- What are some speacalized branches of anatomy? (3)
- (1)Pathological (2)Radiographic (3) molecular biology
- What is pathological anatomy?
- is the study of the structural changes caused by diseases
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NAME
is the study of the structural changes caused by diseases - pathological anatomy
- What is radiographic?
- is the study of the internal structures visualized by X ray
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NAME
is the study of the internal structures visualized by X rays - radiographic
- What is molecular biology?
- is the study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level
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NAME
is the study of the anatomical structures at a subcellular level - molecular biology
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NAME
considers the operation of specifc organ systems - Physiology
- What are the differ types of physiology?
- (1)renal (2)neurophysiology (3)cardiovascular
- What is renal physiology?
- studies kindey function and urine production
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NAME
studies kidney function and urine production - renal physiology
- What does a sturcures function depend on?
- its form
- a structures (1) depends on its form
- function
- What are the four basic types of tissue?
- (1)epithelium (2)muscle (3)connective (4)nervous
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NAME
epithelium, muscle, connective, and nervous - types of tissues
- What is the heirichy of the different levels of organisms? (5)
- (1)cellular (2)tissue (3)organs (4)organ system (5)organismal
- (1) combine to form molecules
- atoms
- atoms combine to form (1)
- molecules
- What is a organ?
- is a structure composed of at least two tissues
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NAME
is a structure composed of at least two tisssues - organ
- What are moelcules made of?
- cells
- (1) are made of cells
- molecules
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NAME LEVEL
atoms combine to form molecules - chemical
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NAME LEVEL
cells are made up of molecules - cellular level
- Every organism must mantian its (1)
- boundries
- What is catabolism?
- includes the breaking down substances
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NAME
is the breaking down of substances - catabolism
- What is anabolism?
- synthesizing of substances
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NAME
is the synthesizing of substances - anabolism
- What are five things all people need to survie? (5)
- (1)nutrients (2)oxygen (3)water (4)nomrmal body temp (5)atmospheirc pressure
- What are the name systems the different types of systems? (11)
- (1)integumentary (2)skeletal (3)muscualar (4)nervous (5)endocrine (6)cardiovascular (7)lympthatic (8)respiartory system (9)digestive system (10)urinary (11)reproductive
- What is the integumentary system? (3)
- forms the external covering (2)protects deeper tissue from injury (3)synthesizes Vitamin D
- What is the skeletal system?
- protects and supports body organs (2)provides a framework the muscle use to cause movement (3)stores minerals
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NAME
forms the external covering, protects deeper tissu from injury, and produces Vitamin D - integumentary system
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NAME
protects and supports body organs, provides a framework the mulsce to use to cause movement and stores minerals - intergumentary system
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NAME
allows the manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression - muscular system
- What is the muscular system?
- allows the maipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
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NAME
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris in the lympathic system, and houses white blood cells - Lymphatic system
- What is the lymphatic system (3)?
- (1)picks up fluid from blood vessels and returns it to the blood (2)disposes debris in the lympathic system (3) houses white blood cells
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NAME
keeps blood constantly supplied w oxygen and removes CO2, and the gaseous exchanges ocur through the walls of the air sacs in the lungs - Respirartory system
- What is the respiratory sytem? (2)
- (1)keeps blood constantly supplied w oxygen and removes the CO2 (2)the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs in the lungs
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NAME
breaks down food into absorbale units that enter the blood for distibution to body cells and indigestible foods are eliminated as feces - Digestive system
- What is the nervous system?(2)
- (1)fast acting control system of the body (2)responds to internal and external by acitivating appropiate muscles and glands
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NAME
fast acting control system of the body that responds to external and internal changes by activating appropiate muscles and glands - nervous system
- What is the endorcine system?
- glands that secrete hormones that regulate process such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells
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NAME
are glands that secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by body cells - endorcine system
- What is the cardovascular system?
- (1) blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and waste
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NAME
blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, CO2, nutrients, and waster - Cardovasular system
- What is urinary system?
- eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body (2)regulates water, eletroyle, and acid-base balance of the blood
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NAME
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body and regulates water, eletroyle, and acid base-base balance of the blood - urinary system
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NAME
overal all function is the production of offspring - reproductive system
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NAME
this system includes most of the glands, nails, hoves, and hair - Intergumentrey system
- Give some exs of the intergumentrey system? (4)
- (1)glands (2)nails (3)hoves (4)hair
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NAME
this system protects deep tissues from injury and synthesisezes Vitamin D - intergumentrey system
- The prostate gland produces (1) for men
- Vitamins D
- (1) (do not give the system) produces Viamin D for men
- prostate gland
- Why is vitamin D so important for men?
- because research has shown the Vatamin D can reduce the risks of prostate cancer
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NAME
this vitamin can reduce prosate cancer - D
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NAME
it is called the sun-shine vitamin - D
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NAME
this vitamin help to absorb calicum in the bones - D
- Vitamin D can help (1)
- absorb calicum in the bones
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NAME
this system allows manipulation of the environment and mantains pressure - Vitamin D
- What are the 11 systems of the body?
- (1)lymphatic (2)digestive (3)respiratory (4)reproductive (5)urinary (6)Cardovascular (7)integumentary (8)muscual (9)skeltal (10)nervous (11)endocrine
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NAME
is composed of the red bone marrow, the lymus, the spleen, lymph nodes, and lympathic system - lympathic system
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NAME
one ex of this system is the red bone marrow - lympathic system
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NAME
this system is composed of the kidneys, urters, urinary, bladder, and urtetha - Urinary system
- What is Homeostatis?
- is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever changing outside world
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NAME
is the ability to maintian a relatively stable internal environment in an ever changing outside world - homeostatis
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T or F
the internal environment of the body is a dynamic state of equilibrim - True
- How is homeostatis mantained? (3)
- (1)chemical (2)thermal (3)neural factors
- chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain (1)
- homeostatis
- Homeostatis will not work w out (1)
- hemeostastic control mechananisms
- (1) produces a change in the body
- variable
- What are the three interdependent components of control mechanisms? (3)
- (1)receptor (2)control center (3)Effector
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NAME
monitors the environments and responds to changes - receptor
- What is a receptor?
- monitors the environments and responds to changes
- What is negative feedback?
- when the output shuts off the orignial stimulus
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NAME
is when the output shuts off the oringial stiumuls - negative feedback
- Give a ex of negative feedback
- the regulation of the blood glucose levels
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NAME
produces thousands of different hormones in the pintinary gland - Hyptothalumus
- What is the Hyptothalumus?
- produces thousands of different hormones in the pintinary gland
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NAME
this organ produces a hormone called TSH - pintinary gland
- the pintintary gland produces (1)
- TSH
- What is TSH stand for?
- Thyroid Stim Hormone
- What does the thyriod do?
- regulates glucose levels
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NAME
this organ regulates glucose levels - thyriod
- What are two things that the pancreas produces?
- (1)insulin (2)glucagon
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NAME
this organ produces insulin and glucagon - pancreas
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NAME
this organ has patches of called call lamphounas - pancreas
- The pancreas is made of cells called (1)
- lamphaounds
- What kinds of cells are there of lamphaounds?
- alpha and beta cells
- What is postive feedback?
- is when a result or stimulus enchances the orginal stimulus so that the the activity is accerleted
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NAME
is when a result or stimulus enchances the orginal stimulus so that the acitivty is accerleted - postive feedback
- What is the major energy fuel for the body?
- carbs
- Which can provide more fuel for the body, carbs or protiens?
- protiens
- All the nutrients in the world are useless if u dont have (1)
- oxygen
- What is the single most abudnent chemcial in the body making up 60% to 80% of it?
- water
- Water is the (1) in the body
- the single most abundent chemical
- (1) provides the watery environment necessery for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions
- water
- What is the normal body temp?
- 37C
- When the body temp increases what happens?
- CHemical reactions increase and protiens can lose their chaqracterisitc shape
- What happens if the body temp descreases?
- metabolic reactions become slower and finally stop
- What atmospheric pressure?
- the force that air exerts on the surface of the body
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NAME
is the force that air exerts on the surface of the body - atmpspheric pressure
- 37 C is the (1)
- normal body temp
- (1) and (2) depend on atmposheric pressure
- (1)breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
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T or F
the mere pressence of the survial factors is enough to sustain life - False
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T or F
oxygen is essential but in in excessive amounts are toxic to the body cells - True
- Draw the elements of the a control system
- p 9
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T or F
in order for homeostatis to ocur, only certain organs play a role - False (all)
- What is a variable?
- the factor or event being regulated
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NAME
is the factor or event being regulated - variable
- What are three interdependent components of homeostatic control?
- (1)Receptor (2)control center (3)effector
- What is the receptor?
- is some type of sensor that moniters the environment and responds to stimuli
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NAME
is some type of sensor that moniters the environment and responds to stimuli - receptor
- what is the control center?
- determines the set point , analzyes the input, it recieves and then determines the appropriate response or course of action to take
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NAME
determines the set point, analyzes the input it recieves, and then determines the apporopriate response or action to take - control center
- What is the effector?
- provides the mean for the control center's response to the stimulus
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NAME
provies the mean for the control center's response to the stimulus - effector
- What are three examples of negative feedback?
- (1)regulation of the body temp (2)the withdrawl reflex (3)reglation of the blood glucose levels
- Draw the regulation of blood glucose levels by negative feedback mechanism involving the pancreas horomones?
- p 11
- (1) feedback mechanisms usally control infrequent events that do not require continous adjustments
- postive
- Postive feebacks are often refered to as (1)
- cascades
- Why are postive feeback rarely used?
- bc they are likely to race out of control
- Give two ex(s) of postive feeback?
- (1)enchancemnt of labor contractions (2)blood clotting
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NAME
enchancment of labor is a ex - postive feeback
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NAME
blood clotting is a ex - postive feedback
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NAME
regulation of body temp is a ex - negative feeback
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NAME
the whithdrawl reflex like when u touch a hot surface is a ex - negative feedback
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NAME
regulation of the blood glucose levels is a ex - negative feedback
- What happens when a blood vessel has been damage? hint:postive feedback (4)
- (1)blood elements called platelts immdeitatly begin to cling to the injured site (2)and release chemicals that attract more platelts (3)this rapidly growing pile up of platelets intitates the sequence of events that finaly forms the clot
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NAME
most disease is regarded as a result of a disturbance, what is this condition - homeostatic inbalance
- What is homeostatic inbalance?
- is a condition that causes most diseases bc of a disturbance
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NAME
the anatmocial reference point reference point is a standard body postion called? - anatomical postion
- the left and right terms refer to (1)
- the sides of the cadaver being viewed
- What is superior ?
- if the first body part is towards the upper part of the body
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NAME (2)
is if the first body part is towards the upper part of the body - superior or cranial
- What is inferior?
- if the first body part is toward the lower part of the body
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NAME
if the first body part is toward the lower part of the body - inferior
- inferior is also called?
- caudal
- (1) is also called caudal
- inferior
- (1) is also called cranial
- superior
- superior is also called (1)
- cranial
- Anterior is also called (1)
- ventral
- (1) is also called ventral
- anterior
- posterior is also called (1)
- dorsal
- (1) is also called dorsal
- posterior
- Superficial is also called (1)
- external
- (1) is also called external
- superficial
- (1)is also called internal
- Deep
- deep is also called (1)
- internal
- What is anterior?
- if the first body part is toward or at the front of the body
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nAME
is if the first body part is toward or at the front of the body - anterior
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NAME
if the first body part is toward the back of the body - posterior
- What is posterior?
- if the first body part is toward the back of the body
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NAME
if first body part is toward the midline of the body or on the inner side - medial
- What is medial?
- is if the first body part is toward the midline of the body or on the inner side
- What is lateral?
- is if the first body part is away from the midline of the body or on the outer side
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NAME
is if the first body part is away from the midline of the body or one the outer side - lateral
- What is intermediate?
- is when comparing three body parts if the first one is in the middle
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NAME
is when comparing three body parts if the first one is in the middle - intermediate
- What is proxmial?
- is if the first body part is closer to the body trunk
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NAME
is if the first body part is closer to the body trunk - proxmial
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NAME
is if the first body part is the fartherest away from the body trunk - distal
- What is distal?
- is if the first body part is the furtherest away from the body trunk
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NAME
is if the first body part is the furtherest away from the body trunk - distal
- What is superficial?
- if if the first body part is towards or at the body surface
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NAME
is if the first body part is towards or at the body surface - superficial
- What is deep?
- is if the first body part is away from the surface and internal
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NAME
is if the first body part is away from the surface and internal - deep
- the head is (1) to the abdomen
- superior
- the navel is (1) to the chin
- inferior
- the breastbone is (1) to the spine
- anterior
- the heart is (1) to the breastbone
- posterior
- the arms are (1) to the chest
- lateral
- the collarbone is (1) btwn the breastbone and the shoulder
- intermediate
- the elbow is (1) to the wrist
- proximal
- the wrist is (1) to the elbow
- distal
- the knee is (1) to the thigh
- distal
- the thigh is (1) to the knee
- proximal
- the skin is (1) to the skeletal muscles
- superficial
- the lungs are (1) to the skin
- deep
- Nasal refers to (1)
- the nose
- (1)refers to the nose
- nasal
- Oral refers to the (1)
- mouth
- (1) refers to the mouth
- Oral
- Cerivical refers to the (1)
- neck
- (1) refers to the neck
- cerivical
- Acromial refers to the (1)
- point of the shoulder
- (1) refers to the point of hte shoulder
- Acromial
- Axiallary refers to the (1)
- arm pit
- (1) refers to the arm pit
- Axiallary
- Abdonimal refers to the (1)
- abdomen
- (1) refers to the abdomen
- Abdonimal
- Brachial refers to the (1)
- arm
- (1) refers to the arm
- Brachial
- Anetcubital refers to the (1)
- forearm
- (1) refers to the forearm
- Antebrachial
- Antebrachial refers to the (1)
- forearm
- The pelvic refers to the (1)
- pelvis
- (1) refers to the pelvis
- pelvic
- Carpal refers to the (1)
- wrist
- (1) refers to the wrist
- carpal
- Pollex refers to the (1)
- thumb
- (1) refers to the thumb
- pollex
- the palmar refers to the (1)
- palm
- (1) refers to the palm
- palmar
- Digital refers to the (1)
- fingers
- (1) refers to the fingers
- Digital
- Pubic refers to the (1)
- genital region
- (1) refers to the genital region
- pubic
- Patellar refers to the (1)
- anterior knee
- (1) refers to the anterior knee
- Patellar
- The curral refers to the (1)
- leg
- (1) refers to the leg
- curral
- Pedal refers to the (1)
- foot
- (1) refers to the foot
- Pedal
- Tarsal refers to the (1)
- ankle
- (1) refers to the ankle
- Tarsal
- Digital refers to the (2)
- toes and fingers