Path final Block 2 Neoplasia
Terms
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- COLLAGENOUS STROMAL response resulting from tumor signals or tumor-stromal interactions seen with certain kinds of malignant neoplasms
- Desmoplasia
- Benign tumor of epithelium
- Adenoma
- Malignant epithelial neoplasm
- Carcinoma
- Malignant CT neoplasm
- Sarcoma
- Adenocarcinoma is most often associated with _________
- Desmoplasia
- Histiologic hallmark of Squamous Cell Carcinoma
- Keratin pearl
- Malignant tumor of smooth muscle
- Leiomyosarcoma
- Mass of disorganized mature cells that are native to the tissue
- Hamartoma
- Completely normal tissue in a foreign place
-
Choristoma
*pancreatic tissue in the stomach wall - List the steps of progression to a Malignant Neoplasm
- Clone -> Dysplasia -> Carcinoma in situ -> Malignant Neoplasm
- Most common benign tumor in women
- Leiomyoma = benign neoplasm of smooth muscle of myometrium in uterus
- What are Leiomyomas a common cause of?
- Menorhhagia = excessive menstrual discharge
- Lymphatic spread is the usual route of this type of malignancy
- Carcinoma
- Hematogenous spread is the usualy route of this type of malignancy
- Sarcoma
- Most common primary renal tumor in children
-
Wilm's tumor
-rapidly growing Malignant tumor - Top 3 causes of cancer deaths in Men
-
1. Lung
2. Colorectal
3. Prostate - Top 3 causes of cancer deaths in women
-
1. Lung
2. Breast
3. Colorectal - Type of alteration activating Her-2/neu (EGF-R)
- Amplification
- Fxn of RET protooncogenes
- REceptor Tyrosine kinase
- Point Mutation Oncogene associated with Multiple Endocrine Syndromes and Familial Medullary Thyroid Cancer Syndrome
- RET
- Most common oncogene seen in human tumors
- Ras
- Organ most commonly affected by RAS mutation
- Pancreas
- t(9;22)
- ABL
- Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
- ABL oncogene
- Treated with Gleevec (Imatinib Mesylate)
- ABL oncogene
- Neuroblastomas and Small cell lung CA
- N-myc due to amplification
- t(8:14)
- c-myc = Burkitt's Lymphoma
- t(11:14)
- Cyclin-D1
- Mantle Cell Lymphoma
- Cyclin-D1
- Rb chromosome
- 13q14
- Osteosarcoma tumor suppressor gene
- Rb
- Most common tumor suppressor genes found in neoplasms
- p53
- inherited p53 mutations
-
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
-sarcomas
-breat CA
-brain tumors
-adrenal cortical CA's - degrades B-catenin
- APC
- t(14;18)
- Bcl-2
- Follicular Lymphomas
- Bcl-2
- Evasion of apoptosis gene
- Bcl-2
- What is HNPCC due to?
- inherited mutation in DNA Mismatch Repair genes
- Microsatellite Instability
-
HNPCC
*difference in # of tandem repeats - MSH2 and MLH1
- DNA Mismatch Repair genes involved in HNPCC
- Difference between Familial Polyposis Coli and HNPCC
-
FPC is guaranteed to get Colon CA
HNPCC just allows a permissive state - Fxn of BRCA
- cofactors in repair of ds-DNA breaks
- 2 major angiogenic factors secreted by tumors
-
VEGF
bFGF -
Tumor Invasion Steps:
-down-regulation of __1__
-Overexpression of __2__
-__3__ secretion
-cell receptors attach to __4__ in EC matrix -
1. E-cadherin
2. Laminin receptor
3. Type IV collagenase
4. Fibronectin - Hypermethylation of sections of DNA suppressing tsc of that portion (i.e. tumor suppressor genes)
- Epigenetic changes
- in vitro studies show that single __1__ are insufficient to produce cancer
- Oncogenes
- Explain Gatekeeper hypothesis
- tumor suppressor gene mutation enables other genetic mutations to occur
- Example of an Indirect reacting Carcinogen
- Polycyclic Hydrocarbon
- Explain Initiators and Promoters of Carcinogens
-
Initiator = cause irreversible mutation
Promoters = cause proliferation of initiated cell - What detoxifies Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons?
- Glutathione S-transferase
- Gene product that Metabolizes Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons?
- CYP1A1
- List 4 promoters
-
1. hormones
2. Bile salts
3. increased fat intake
4. Ethanol - Nucleotide Excision repair pathway defect
-
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
*can't fix Pyrimidine Dimers caused by UV rays - Cancers caused by EBV
-
Burkitt's Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal CA
Hodgkins
Lymphoma in AIDS - Oncogenic DNA viruses
-
HPV
EBV
HBV
Kaposis Sarcoma (HHV-8) - EBV cancer mechanism
- induces polyclonal B cell proliferation -> increases risk of t(8:14) of c-myc
- Oncogenic RNA viruses
-
HCV
HTLV-1 - Wasting syndrome characterized by progressive loss of lean body mass, loss of body fat, weakness, anemia associated with cancer and cannot be counteracted by feeding
-
Cachexia
*associated with Malignant Neoplasms - alpha-fetoprotein is a marker for these 2 cancers
-
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Yolk Sac tumor - PNPS cause of Cushing Syndrome
- ACTH release from Small Cell carcinoma of lung
- Example of Immunosuppressive cytokine
- TGF-beta
- Cytokine that can cause Cachexia
- TNF-alpha
- What is cancer grade based on?
- degree of Differentiation
- What is cancer staging based on?
- extent of tumor spread
- PNPS cause of Hypercalcemia
- Squamous cell CA of lung -> PTH
- Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) associated CA
- Colorectal and Pancreatic and Lung Carcinomas
- Mucin CA19-9 associated cancers
-
Pancreatic
Colon - HCG is associated with these tumors
- Trophoblastic
- High Calcitonin is associated with this CA
- Medullary Carcinoma of Thyroid
- Catecholamines are associated with this CA
- Pheochromocytoma = tumor of Adrenal Medulla
- Mucin CA125 associated CA
- Ovarian Cancer