Ch 7 Terms
Terms
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- nose
- structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell
- sinuses
- air-filled spaces in the skull that open into the nasal cavity
- palate
- the roof of the mouth; divided into the hard and soft palate
- pharynx
- throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx
- nasopharynx
- part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passage
- oropharynx
- central portion of the pharynx btwn the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis
- laryngopharynx
- lower part of the pharynx just below the oropharynx opening into the larynx and esophagus
- tonsils
- oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils
- adenoid
- lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil
- uvula
- small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate, named for its grapelike shape
- larynx
- voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
- glottis
- opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
- epiglottis
- a lidlike structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
- trachea
- windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into right and left bronchus
- bronchial tree
- branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli
- right and left bronchus
- two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs
- bronchioles
- progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways
- alveoli
- thin-walled microscopic air sacs that exchange gases
- lungs
- two spongy organs in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration
- lobes
- subdivisions of the lung; two on the left and three on the right
- pleura
- membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura)
- pleural cavity
- potential space between visceral and parietal layers of the pleura
- diaphragm
- muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and moves up and down to aid respiration
- mediastinum
- partition that separates the throax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland
- mucous membranes
- thin sheets of tissues that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, an viscid (sticky) fluid
- cilia
- hairlike processes from the surface of epithelial cells, such as those of the bronchi, to move mucus cell secretions upward
- parenchyma
- functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs that perform respiration
- eupnea
- normal breathing
- bradypnea
- slow breathing
- tachypnea
- fast breathing
- hypopnea
- shallow breathing
- hyperpnea
- deep breathing
- dyspnea
- difficulty breathing
- apnea
- inability to breathe
- orthopnea
- ability to breath only in an upright position
- Cheyne-Stokes respiration
- pattern of breathing char. by a grad. inc. of depth and sometimes rate to a max level followed by a dec. resulting in apnea
- crackles
- popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airwayss and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis
- wheezes
- high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows thru a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema
- stridor
- a high-pitched crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airwary (trachea or larynx)
- cyanosis
- a bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amt of oxygen in the blood
- dysphonia
- hoarseness
- epistaxis
- nosebleed
- expectoration
- coughing up and spitting out of material from lungs
- sputum
- material expelled from the lungs by coughing
- hemoptysis
- coughing up and spitting out blood originating in the lungs
- hypercapnia
- excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood
- hyperventilation
- excessive movt of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia
- hypoventilation
- deficient movt of air in and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia
- hypoxemia
- deficient amt of oxygen in the blood
- hypoxia
- deficient amnt of oxygen in the tissue cells
- obstructive lung disorder
- condition blocking the flow of air moving out of lungs
- restrictive lung disorder
- condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs
- caseous necrosis
- degeneration of death of tissue with a cheeselike appearance
- pulmonary edema
- fluid filling of the spaces around the alveoli and eventually flooding into the alveoli
- pulmonary infiltrate
- density on an xray representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usu. resulting from an inflam. process
- rhinorrhea
- thin, watter discharge from the nose (runny nose)
- asthma
- panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane char by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough
- atelectasis
- collapse of lung tissue
- bronchitis
- inflam of bronchi
- bronchogenic carcinoma
- lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi
- bronchospasm
- constriction of bronchi caused by spasm of the peribronchial smooth muscle
- bronchiectasis
- abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus
- emphysema
- obstructive pulmonary disease char. by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls resulting in loss of lung elasticity and gas exchange
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that i sa combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema
- laryngitis
- inflam. of larynx
- laryngotracheobronchitis
- inflam. of upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
- croup
- inflam. of upper airways with swelling that creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough
- laryngospasm
- spasm of laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction
- nasal polyposis
- presense of numerous polyps in the nose
- pharyngitis
- inflam. of pharynx
- coryza
- head cold; inflam of the nasal mucous membrane
- pleural effusion
- accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity
- empyema
- accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
- pyothorax
- accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity
- hemothorax
- blood in pleural cavity
- pleuritis
- inflam of pleura
- pleurisy
- inflam of pleura
- pneumoconiosis
- chronic restrictive pulmonary disease resulting from prolonged inhalation of fine dusts such as coal, asbestos, or silicone
- pneumonia
- an inflam in lung cuased by infection from bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, or resulting from aspiration of chemicals
- pneumocystis pneumonia
- pneumonia caused by the pneumocystis carinii organism, a common opportunistic infection seen in those with positive HIV
- pneumothorax
- air in the pleural cavity caused by a puncture of the lung or chest wall
- pneumohemothroax
- air and blood in the pleural cavity
- pneumonitis
- inflam of lung often caused by hypersensitivity to chemicals or dusts
- pulmonary embolism
- occlusion in the pulmonary circulation, most often caused by a blood clot
- pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)
- disease caused by the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the lungs, char. by the formation of tubercles, inflam. and necrotizing caseous lesions
- sinusitis
- inflam of sinuses
- sleep apnea
- periods of breathing cessation (10+ seconds) that occure during sleep, often causing snoring
- tonsillitis
- acute or chronic inflam. of tonsils
- upper respiratory infection (URI)
- infectious disease of the upper respiratory tract involving the nasal passages, pharynx, and bronchi
- arterial blood gases
- analysis of arterial blood to dertermine adequacy of lung function in the exchange of gases
- pH
- a measure of blood acidity of alkalinity
- PaO2
- partial pressure of oxygen measuring the amount of oxygen in the blood
- PaCO2
- partial pressure of carbon dioxide measuring the amought of carbon dioxid in the blood
- endoscopy
- exam inside a body cavity with a flexible endoscope for diagnostic or treatment purposes
- bronchoscopy
- use of a flexible endoscope, called a bronchosope, to examine the airways
- nasopharyngoscopy
- use of a flexible endoscope to examine the nasal passages and the pharynx to diagnose structural abnormalities such as obstructions, grothws, and cancers
- auscultation
- to listen; a physcal exam method of listening to the sounds withing the body with the aid of a stethoscope, such as auscultation of the chest for heart and lung sounds
- percussion
- a physical examination method of tapping over the body to elicit vibrations and sounds to estimte the size, border, or fluid content of a cavity such as the chest
- lung biopsy
- removal of a small piece of lung tissue for pathologic exam
- lung scan
- a two-part nuclear scan of the lungs to detect abnormalities of ventilation or perfusion made after radioactive material is 1) injected into pt's blood, and 2) as patient breaths radioactive material into airways. comparison o the two scans indicates wheter an abnormality exists in the airways or the pulmonary circulation; commonly called a V/Q (quantity of blood) scan refering to ventilation/perfusion
- magnetic resonance image (MRI)
- nonionizing image of the lung to visualize lung lesions
- polysomnography (PSG)
- recording of various aspects of sleep (eye and muscle movts respiration, brain wave patterns) for diagnosis of sleep disorders
- pulmonary function testing
- direct and indierect measurements of lung volumes and capacities
- spirometry
- a direct measurement of lung volume and capacity
- tidal volume
- amount of air exhaled after a normal inspiration
- vital capacity (VC)
- amnt of air exhaled after a max. inspiration
- peak flow (PF) peak expiratory flow rate
- measure of the fastest flow of exhaled air after a max. inspiration
- radiology
- xray imaging
- chest xray (CXR)
- xray image of the chest to visualize the lungs; directional terms identify the path of the xray beam to produce the radiograph: PA (posterior-anterior), AP (anterior-posterior), lateral: toward the side
- computed tomography (CT)
- CT of the thorax is used to detect lesions in the lung; CT of the head is used tovisualize the structures of the nose and sinuses
- pulmonary angiography
- xray of the blood vessels of lungs after injection of contrast material
- adenoidectomy
- excision of adenoids
- lobectomy
- removal of a lobe of a lung
- nasal polypectomy
- removal of a nasal polyp
- pneumonectomy
- removal of an entire lung
- thoracentesis
- puncture for aspiration of the chest
- thoracoplasty
- repair of the chest involving fixation of the ribs
- thoracoscopy
- endoscopic eam of the pleural cavity using a thoracoscope
- thoracostomy
- creation of an opening in the chest, usually to insert a tube
- thoracotomy
- incision into chest
- tonsillectomy
- excision of palatine tonsils
- tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
- excision of tonsils and adenoids
- tracheostomy
- creation of an opening in the trachea, usually to insert a tube
- tracheotomy
- incision into the trachea
- cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
- a method of artificail respiration and chest compressions to move oxygenated blood to vital body organs when breathing and heart have stopped
- continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
- a device that pumps a constand pressurized blow of air thru the nasal passages, commonly used during sleep to prevent airway closure in sleep apnea
- endotracheal intubation
- passage of a tube into the trachea via the nose or mouth to open the airway for delivering gas mixtures to the lungs
- incentive spirometry
- a common postoperative breathing therapy using a specially designed spirometer to encourage the pt to inhale and hold an inspiratory volume to exercise the lungs and prevent pulmonary complications
- mechanical ventilation
- mechamical breathing using a ventilator
- antibiotic
- a drug that kills or inhibits growth of microorganisms
- anticoagulant
- a drug that dissolves, or prevents the formation of, thrombi or emboli in the blood vessels
- antihistamine
- a drug that neutralizes or inhibits the effects of histamine
- histamine
- a compound in the body that is released by injured cells in allergic reactions, inflammation, and so on, causing constriction of bronchial smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels
- bronchodilator
- a drug that dilates the muscular walls of the bronchi
- expectorant
- a drug that breaks up mucus and promotes coughing