cam III
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- What are the three types of carcinogenesis?
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physical
chemical
biological - What are the three major steps for malignant transformation?
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initiation
promotion
progression - What are some of the things that proto-onco gene proteins code for?
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extracellular signaling molecules
growth factor receptors
cytoplasmic signaling transducers
nuclear transcription factors - What are the three steps in invasion?
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attachment
proteolysis
migration - What are the steps in metastasis?
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detachment
matrix degradation with intravasation
evasion of immune system
adherence and extravasation
establishment and growth
angiogenesis -
cycle specific or non specific?
-alkylating agents
-antimetabolites
-antineoplastic antibiotics
-microtubule spindle poisons -
non-specific: alkylating agents, antineoplastic agents
cell cycle specific: antimetabolites, microtubule spindle poisons - What are the 4 factors in chemotherapeutic drug resistance?
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anatomic compartments
influence of tumor microenvironment
Inherent drug resistance
acquired drug resistance - Describe late radiation side effects.
- these effects manifest in slowly dividing cells usually of mesenchymal origin such as bone, nervous tissue, and blood vessels.
- What are the 4 cellular responses to ionizing radiation?
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repair
repopulation
redistribution
reoxygenation - What diagnostic tools are used in basic tumor staging?
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CBC
chemistry
U/A
regional LN evaluation
Thoracic rads
abdominal ultrasound - what biochemical changes can be seen with cancer cachexia?
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hypoglycemia
hypoproteinemia
lactic acidosis
altered amino acid and lipid profiles - What is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in dogs?
- t-cell lymphoma
- What are the signs for hypercalcemia in canines?
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anorexia
vomiting
dysphagia
constipation
muscular weakness
lethargy
PU/PD
depression - What signs are related to hypoglycemia?
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disorientation
weakness
ataxia
convulsions
coma - What are the two neoplastic causes for hypoglycemia?
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beta cell neoplasia
non-islet cell neoplasia - What is a specific chemotherapy agent used to treat beta cell neoplasia?
- streptozotocin
- What drug can be used to treat hypertrophic osteopathy?
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NSAIDS
corticosteroids
Bisphosphonates - What differentiated B-cell neoplasias is hyperglobulinemia seen with?
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multiple myeloma
chronic lymphocytic leukemia
b-cell lymphoma - What is the most common PNS in veterinary oncology?
- anemia
- What common cancers cause thrombocytopenia?
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lymphoma
hemangiosarcoma
sertoli cell tumor - What are some signs of mast cell tumor degranulation?
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gastric ulcers
GI bleeding
anorexia
vomiting
hypotension
collapse
bronchospasm - What tumor is most often associated with DIC?
- HSA
- What are the typical changes seen with acute tumor lysis syndrome?
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hyperkalemia
hyperphosphatemia
hyperuricemia
hypocalcemia - What is the difference in treatment for febrile and non-febrile neutropenic chemotherapy patients?
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febrile- place on IV antibiotics such as baytril-ampicillin or aminoglycoside-cephalosporin until resolved
non-febrile- monitor temp and place on wide spec oral meds - What is used to treat extravasation of vinca alkaloids?
- hyaluronidase injections
- If doxorubicin is extravasated, what can be used to decrease the severity of signs and symptoms?
- dexraxoxane systemically
- What drugs can cause sterile hemorrhagic cystitis?
- cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide
- What is the most common canine cutaneous malignancy?
- mast cell tumor
- What breeds are commonly affected by MCT?
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brachycephalic
retrievers
shar-pei
weimaraner
viszla
maltese - What locations are considered to have a poorer prognosis in regards MCT?
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axilla
inguinal
perineum
external genitalia
oral
aural
muco-cutaneous areas - Describe a stage 0 MCT
- one neoplasm incompletely excised from the dermis without regional LN involvement
- Describe a stage 1 MCT
- One neoplasm confined to the dermis without regional LN involvement
- Describe a stage 2 MCT
- one neoplasm confined to the dermis with regional LN involvement
- Describe a stage 3 MCT
- Multiple dermal neoplasms or large infiltrating neoplasms with or without regional LN involvement
- describe a stage 4 MCT
- Any neoplasm with distant metastasis including blood and or bone marrow involvement or recurrence with metastasis
- How should L-asparaginase be administered?
- IM or SC
- What two chemotherapy agents can cause pulmonary toxicity?
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Bleomycin
Cisplatin - What is the mean age of dogs with MCT?
- 8.5 yrs
- What are the most common metastatic sites for MCT?
- local and regional LNs
- How is a diagnosis of MCT achieved?
- cytology or histopathology
- What are 2 possible environmental risk factors for canine lymphosarcoma?
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herbicide exposure
magnetic field exposure - describe the stages of multicentric lymphosarcoma?
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1-solitary LN involvement
2-multiple LN involvement same side of diaphragm
3-multiple LN on both sides of diaphragm
4-hepatic and or splenic
5-bone marrow or other extranodal involvement - What are the clinical manifestations of alimentary lymphosarcoma?
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weight loss/anorexia
hypoproteinemia
GI obstruction
Malabsorption and digestion
vomitiing and diarrhea - What electrolyte change is seen in 10-40% of mediastinal lymphosarcoma cases?
- hypercalcemia
- What are the 8 established prognostic factors for lymphosarcoma?
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clinical stage
clinical substage
histiologic grade
immunophenotype
hypercalcemia
sex
proliferative indices
anatomic location - What are biological risk factors for feline lymphosarcoma?
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FeLV
FIV - Describe a typical canine HSA patient.
- older large breed dog with a mean age of 9-10 yrs. GSD, Goldens, Labs, and Poodles
- What may be observed on a CBC that is characteristic of HSA?
- anemia with marked regeneration and abnormal red cell morphology
- What is the most common pattern of HSA metastasis to the lungs.
- diffuse lesions in the interstitium
- What is the therapy of choice for HSA?
- surgery with asjuvant systemic chemotherapy.
- After a splenectomy, what 2 electrolytes should be especially closely monitored due to possible arrhythmias?
- Magnesium and potassium
- Successful chemotherapeutic protocols for HSA invariably include what drug?
- doxorubicin based chemicals
- Which dog breeds are at greater risk of developing Osteosarcoma?
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Irish setters
St Bernards
Rottweilers
Doberman Pinschers - Name the 3 most common locations where lesions of OSA are seen.
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distal radius
proximal humerus
proximal tibia - What are the criteria for limb sparing surgery in reference to OSA?
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tumor involving <50% of the length of the bone
not extending across a joint
pt is free from metastatic or concurrent disease