FA Pathology: Neoplasia
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What neoplasm is associated with the following disease conditions...
1. Down Syndrome?
2. Xeroderma Pigmentosum?
3. Cirrhosis (alcoholic, hep B or C)?
4. Immunodeficiency states?
5. AIDS? -
1. Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (We ALL fall DOWN)
Acute myeloid leukemia
2. Melanoma and basal squamous cell carcinomas of the skin
3. hepatocellular carcinoma
4. malignant lymphomas
5. Aggressive malignant lymphomas (Non Hodgekins) and Kaposis Sarcoma -
What neoplasm is associated with the following disease conditions...
1. Chronic atrophic gastritis, pernicious anemia, post surgical gastric remnants?
2. Tuberous sclerosis (facial angiofibroma, seizures, mental retardation)?
3. Acti -
1. Gastric adenocarcinoma
2. astrocytoma and cardiac rhabdomyoma
3. squamous cell carcinoma of the skin
4. esophageal adenocarcinoma
5. squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus -
What neoplasm is associated with the following disease conditions...
1. ulcerative colitis?
2. Paget's disease of Bone?
3. Autoimune diseases (Hashimotos, thyroiditis, MG)?
4. Ancothosis nigricans (hyperpigmentation and epiderma -
1. colonic adenocarcinomas
2. 2ndary osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma
3. benign and malignant thymomas
4. visceral malignancies (stomach,lung, breast, uterus)
5. malignant melanoma -
What tumors are associated with the activation of the following Oncogenes...?
1. c-myc
2. L-myc
3. N-myc -
1. Burkitt's Lymphoma
2. Lung tumor
3. neuroblastoma -
What tumors are associated with the activation of the following Oncogenes...?
1. bcl-2
2. erb-B2
3. ras
4. ret -
1. follicular and undifferentiated lymphomas (inhibit apoptosis)
2. breast, ovarian and gastric carcinomas
3. colon carcinomas
4. Multiple Endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I and II -
What tumors are associated with inactivation of the following Tumor suppressor genes...? Name the chromosomal location of each.
1. Rb
2. BRCA1 and 2
3. p53
4. APC
5. WT1 -
1. 13q; Retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma
2. 17q, 13q; Breast and Ovarian cancer
3. 17p; Most human cancers, Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
4. 5q; colorectal cancer
5. 11q; Wilms Tumor -
What tumors are associated with inactivation of the following Tumor suppressor genes...? Name the chromosomal location of each.
1. NF1
2. NF2
3. DPC
4. DCC -
1. 17q; Neurofibromatosis type 1
2. 22q; Neurofibromatosis type 2
3. 18q; Pancreatic cancer
4. 18q; colon cancer -
What cancers are assocaited with the following Oncogenic viruses...?
1. HTLV-1
2. HBV, HCV
3. EBV
4. HPV
5. HHV-8 -
1. adult T-cell leukemia
2. Hepatocellular carcninoma
3. Burkitt's Lymphoma; nasopharyngeal carcinoma
4. cervical carcinoma (16,18); penile/anal carcinoma
5. Kaposis's sarcoma, body cavity fluid B-cell lymphoma -
What organs do the following chemical carcinogens usually affect and how...?
1. Aflatoxins
2. vinyl chlorides (plastics industry)
3. Nitrosamines
4. Asbestos
5. Arsenic
6. CCl4
7. Naphthalene(aniline)dyes -
1. liver- hepatocellular carcinoma
2. liver - angiosarcoma
3. esophagus, stomach
4. lung - mesothelioma and bronchgenic carcinoma
5. skin - squamous cell carcinoma
6. liver - centrilobular necrosis, fatty change
7. bladder - transtional cell carcinoma - Describe Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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very common; commonly appears on hands and face
locally invasive but rarely metastisizes
associated with excessive exposure to sunlight and arsenic
histopathology --> keratin pearls
Actinic keratosis is a precursos to squamous cell carcinoma - Describe Basal Cell carcinoma
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most common in sun exposed areas of the body
locally invasive but almost never metastisizes
gross pathology --> pearly papules
basal cell tumors have "palisading" nuclei - Describe Melanoma
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common tumor w/ significant risk of metastasis
assoc. with sunlight exposure; fair skinned individuals are at increased risk
depth of tumor correlates with risk of metastasis
dysplastic nevus is a precursor to melanoma - Describe Ewing's Sarcoma
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anaplastic small blue cell malignant tumor
most common in boys <15 years
extremely aggressive w/ early metastasis, but responsive to chemo
Characteristic onion skinning appearance in bone ("going out for eWINGS and ONION rings")
commonly appears in the diaphysis of long bones, pelvis, scapula, and ribs
due to 11,22 translocation - Describe Osteosarcoma (osteogenic carcinoma)
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Most common primary malignant tumor of bone
peak incidence in males 10-20 yrs
Predisposing factors include Paget's disease of Bone, bone infarcts, radiation, and familial retinoblastoma
Commonly found in the metaphysis of long bones
Codman's triangle (from elevation of periostium) seen in X-ray -
Describe the paraneoplastic affects of the following tumors...?
1. Small cell lung carcinoma
2. Small cell lung carcinoma and intracranial neoplasms
3. Small cell lung carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, breast carcinoma, mu -
1. Cushing's Syndrome due to ACTH or ACTH-like peptide
2. SIADH due to ADH or ANP
3. Hypercalcemia due to PTH related peptide, TGF-B, TNF-a, IL-1 -
Describe the paraneoplastic affects of the following tumors...?
1. Renal Cell carcinoma
2. Thymoma, bronchogenic carcinoma
3. leukemias and lymphomas -
1. polycythemia caused by erythropoietin
2. Lambert-Eaton Syndrome (muscle weakness) caused by antibodies against presynaptic Ca++ channels at neuromuscular junction
3. Gout, urate neuropathy due to Hyperuricemia due to excess nucleic acid turnover - What tumors metastasize to BRAIN?
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Over 50% of brain tumors are due to metastasis
Lung
Breast
Skin (melanoma)
Kidney (renal cell carcinoma)
GI
"Lots of Bad Stuff Kills Glia" - What tumors metastasize to LIVER?
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lung and liver are most common sites of metastasis after the lymph nodes
Colon
Stomach
Pancreas
Breast
Lung
"Cancers Sometimes Penetrate Benign Liver" - What tumors metastasize to BONE?
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Metastasis from breast and prostate are most common; Metastatic bone tumors are much more common that primary bone tumors
Breast
Lung
Thyroid, Testes
Kidney
Prostate
"BLT with a Kosher Pickle" -
How are the following markers used in the diagnoses of tumors...?
1. PSA (prostatic acid phosphatase)
2. CEA
3. S-100
4. Alkaline Phosphatase -
1. prostate specific antigen. Used in screening for Prostatic Carcinoma
1.Carcinoembryonic Antigen. very nonspecific but produced in about 70% of colorectal and pancreatic cancers; also produced by gastric and breast carcinomas
3. marker of melanoma, neural tumors, astrocytomas
4. marker for metastasis to bone, obstructive bilary disease, Paget's disease of Bone -
How are the following markers used in the diagnoses of tumors...?
1. a-fetoprotein
2. B-hCG
3. CA-125
4. Bombesin
5. TRAP -
1. normally made by the fetus; marker of hepatocellular carcinomas and nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis
2. Hydatidiform moles, Choriocarcinomas, and gestational trophoblastic tumors
3. ovarian, malignant epithelial tumors
4. neuroblastoma, lung and gastric cancer
5. tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; hairy cell leukemia (B Cell neoplasm)